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 | This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (October 2018) |
 Team New Zealand leading Oracle Racing in the first race | |
Defender  United States | |
|---|---|
| Defender club: | Golden Gate Yacht Club |
| Yacht: | Oracle Team USA 17 |
Challenger  New Zealand | |
| Challenger club: | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| Yacht: | Aotearoa |
| Competition | |
| Location: | San Francisco, California |
| Dates: | September 2013 |
| Rule: | AC72 |
| Winner: | Golden Gate Yacht Club |
| Score: | 9  8 |
← 2010 2017 → | |
The 34th annual America's Cup was a series of yacht races held in San Francisco Bay in September 2013. The series was contested between the defender Oracle Team USA team representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club, and the challenger Emirates Team New Zealand representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. The format was changed radically to a best of 17, and Oracle Team USA defended the America's Cup by a score of 9 to 8 after Team New Zealand had built an 8 to 1 lead.[1] Team New Zealand won the right to challenge for the Cup by previously winning the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup. The 34th America's Cup's race schedule was the longest ever, in terms of number of days and number of races, and the first since the 25th America's Cup to feature both teams in a match point situation.
Background
The Golden Gate Yacht Club defeated Société Nautique de Genève in the 2010 America's Cup to become the Defenders of the 2013 America's Cup. The first Challenger of Record for the 34th Cup was Club Nautico di Roma, and a joint press conference was held on May 6, 2010, to plan for the event.[2] The planning process was to include a definition of new rules and an independent management team.
Protocol
The Protocol for the 34th America's Cup was published on September 13, 2010.[3][4]
Boats
Two new classes of boat were announced. AC72 wing-sail foiling catamarans are being used for the America's Cup races and the AC45 class, a scaled-down one-design version of the AC72, was used for the preliminary training and racing until boats built to the AC72 rules became available. The amended AC72 Class Rule version 1.1 was published on February 22, 2011.[5]
The AC72 can reach speeds averaging about 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) with peaks over 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph); that speed can be as much as 1.8 to slightly over twice the actual wind speed.[6] The previous America's Cup Class (ACC) boats reached speeds of 11 to 13 knots (20 to 24 km/h; 13 to 15 mph).[7]
America's Cup World Series
In order to increase global awareness and hence attract sponsors for the teams an America's Cup World Series was held over the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. The winner of each annual series was declared the America's Cup World Series Champion for that season. There were three regattas in 2011, five in 2012, and two in 2013. Each regatta lasted for one week and had approximately six days of racing, including official practice. Each AC World Series regatta was a combination of match and fleet racing. AC45 one-design catamarans were used for each World Series regatta.[citation needed]
Cost reduction
Officials adopted rules for the 2013 America's Cup to reduce costs and thereby attract more challengers:[8]
- No-sail periods limit the time for on-the-water boat tuning and crew training.
- Rules limit the number of boats, sails, equipment, and support boats that each team may use to two AC72 boats. Competitors shall not launch the first boat before July 1, 2012, and from July 1, 2012, through January 31, 2013, may sail their AC72 boat for a maximum of 30 days. The competitor's second AC72 boat may not be launched before February 1, 2013. From February 1, 2013, through May 1, 2013, the competitors may sail their AC72 boats for a maximum of 45 days per AC72 boat. There are no sailing-days restrictions from May 1, 2013, onward.[9][10]
- Rules limit crew size to 11 sailors.
Despite these measures the cost of mounting a competitive challenge exceeds US$100 million.[11]
Youth America's Cup
In addition to using the AC45 catamarans for the initial world series races they are used in the nationality-based 'Youth America's Cup' (YAC). The smaller scaled down AC45 version of the AC72 with similar characteristics to the AC72 enables younger competition sailors to master the techniques used to sail this style of catamaran before they progress to the AC72 boats. The YAC began in 2013, when both first and second places were taken by New Zealand entries.[12]
The winning team included Peter Burling, Blair Tuke, Jono Spurdle, Sam Meech, Andy Maloney, Jason Saunders and Guy Endean.[13][14][15]
Venue
On July 8, 2010, Oracle Team USA announced that San Francisco was "the only city in the USA under consideration to host the 34th America's Cup” match.[16] At the time, KGO-TV and Gazzetta dello Sport, an Italian sports newspaper, reported that Rome-Fiumicino, Italy was challenging San Francisco to host the event.[17] Oracle Team USA confirmed that San Diego, Newport[18] and Long Beach were considered earlier as possible venues for this event.
A key parameter in deciding the venue was reliability of the wind and weather patterns so that pre-published television schedules would be virtually guaranteed to show racing rather than suffering endless postponements which was a significant problem for TV audiences watching the 2010 America's Cup.[2] In early December 2010, BMW Oracle Racing became concerned that a full and final agreement with San Francisco would not be completed in time to comply with the requirement to announce the location of the cup venue on December 31, 2010. As a result, negotiations were activated with Newport, Rhode Island, as a potential venue for the cup.[19] However, on December 31 San Francisco was officially awarded the right to host the 2013 America's Cup.[20]
Teams
Initially fourteen yacht clubs submitted notices of entry within the deadline, but two were declined and ten withdrew. Club Nautico di Roma was originally named as the Challenger of Record, but after their team Mascalzone Latino withdrew[21][22] the Challenger of Record became the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, sponsoring Artemis Racing.[23] Other notable teams that withdrew included former Cup holder Alinghi[24] and the Energy Team from Yacht Club de France.
On August 2, 2012, the America's Cup Event Authority announced that four challenging teams would compete for the right to challenge Oracle Team USA, the only team that represented the defending Golden Gate Yacht Club.[25][26] These teams were Artemis Racing (the Challenger of Record) representing Kungliga Svenska Segelsällskapet, Emirates Team New Zealand representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, Luna Rossa Challenge representing Circolo della Vela Sicilia and the White Tiger Challenge representing Sail Korea Yacht Club.[27] Luna Rossa, a late entry, formed a partnership with Team New Zealand where they would share design and testing information.[28] Following Sail Korea's withdrawal in March 2013, the number of challengers dropped to three.[27]
Course
The course for the 34th America's Cup was specially designed to take advantage of the San Francisco Bay, to bring the racing within easy viewing of the shore for the first time.[31][32][33] The starting area was furthest away from the shore, close to the Golden Gate Bridge. The boats were only allowed to enter the starting box two minutes before the usage of the starting gun. The boat entering on port tack was allowed to enter ten seconds before the starboard tack boat.[34] This was to reduce the danger of having two boats travelling at up to 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) heading towards each other into the starting area.
- After the starting gun signaled the start, the first leg was a short reach of around 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) towards the shore.
- After rounding the reach mark, the boats travelled downwind to the leeward gate. This second leg was around 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) in length. At the bottom of the course, the leeward gate had two different marks. Rounding either mark completed the leg.
- The third leg stretched around 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the leeward gate to the windward gate. This upwind leg wss the longest leg timewise, even though the AC72s are able to sail upwind close to twice the speed of the wind against them. The windward gate also had two separate marks, with the skippers able to choose either to complete the leg.
- On the fourth and final downwind leg, the boats aimed for the leeward mark that is closer to the shore.
- Rounding this mark put them on a reach sprint to the finish. The fifth leg was around 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) in length. The finish line was right in front of America's Cup Park, at Piers 27/29.
The length of the course varies, but is around 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) and generally takes about 25 minutes to complete. During the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup on the same course, some races were raced with an extra lap around the leeward and windward gates. This seven leg course is around 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi), taking approximately 45 minutes to sail.[35]
The racecourse was delineated by a boundary. Going outside of the boundary draws a penalty which was indicated by blue lights on board the boats.[36] The green lights on board the boats flashed whenever the boat was within three boatlengths of the boundary, or a mark. Whichever boat entered the three boatlength circle around a mark, had mark rights and was allowed to round without worrying about the other boat. The exception was when there is an overlap between the two boats. If an overlap exists, room had to be made to ensure both boats round the mark safely. The maximum time for a race is 40 minutes after which the race would be stopped.[37]
If a penalty was awarded against a boat, a moving penalty line was calculated and placed two boat lengths behind them, advancing on a direct heading to the mark or the wind (depending which leg). The penalised boat had to slow their Velocity Made Good such that their boat fell behind the penalty line. This was calculated in real time by computers, and indicated to the teams on the water via the lights and direct radio communication.[38]
Alcatraz Island was a unique part of the racecourse for this event. For the first week of the event, San Francisco Bay experienced flood tides during the America's Cup races. As water flowed into the bay, there was a cone close to the Island where the incoming tide was noticeably less than the rest of the racecourse. On the upwind leg, when boats had to sail against the flood tide, tactical use of this cone was crucial.[39]
Results
Challenger determination
The challenger was determined in the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup challenger selection series. Emirates Team New Zealand won the Louis Vuitton Cup and therefore the right to challenge Oracle Team USA in the America's Cup.
Cheating penalty
An international jury found Oracle Team USA guilty of cheating during the America's Cup World Series warmup event in 2012 when they placed bags of lead pellets in their 45-foot catamarans to add additional weight outside of allowed areas.[40][41][42] Penalties imposed included expelling three team members,[43] a $250,000 fine, and a one-point penalty for each of the first two races of the Match in which they would otherwise score a point.[44] This last penalty meant that Oracle had to win 11 races to retain the trophy, while New Zealand only needed to win 9 races to lift the cup.
Cup matches
The 34th America's Cup was held between challenger Team New Zealand and defender Oracle Team USA on a five-leg course on San Francisco Bay. One point was awarded for winning a race, and a total of nine points were needed to win the cup. Due to the two race penalty assessed on Oracle Team USA, they needed 11 wins to defend the cup.
| Wins marked in green |
| Postponed or Abandoned races marked in red |
| Race | Date | PDT | Oracle Team USA
|
Team New Zealand
|
Delta | Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| ||||||
| 1 | September 7, 2013 | 1:15pm | 24:06 | 23:30 | 00:36 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | September 7, 2013 | 2:15pm | 23:38 | 22:46 | 00:52 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | September 8, 2013 | 1:15pm | 25:28 | 25:00 | 00:28 | 0 | 3 |
| 4 | September 8, 2013 | 2:15pm | 22:42 | 22:50 | 00:08 | 01 | 3 |
| 5 | September 10, 2013 | 1:15pm | 23:50 | 22:45 | 01:05 | 0 | 4 |
| P2 | September 10, 2013 | 2:15pm | Postponed | — | — | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | September 12, 2013 | 1:15pm | 32:26 | 31:39 | 00:47 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | September 12, 2013 | 2:15pm | 25:54 | 24:48 | 01:06 | 0 | 6 |
| 8 | September 14, 2013 | 1:15pm | 23:09 | 24:01 | 00:52 | 01 | 6 |
| A3 | September 14, 2013 | 2:15pm | — | — | — | 0 | 6 |
| 9 | September 15, 2013 | 1:15pm | 21:53 | 22:40 | 00:47 | 1 | 6 |
| 10 | September 15, 2013 | 2:15pm | 22:17 | 22:00 | 00:17 | 1 | 7 |
| P4 | September 17, 2013 | 1:15pm | — | — | — | 1 | 7 |
| P4 | September 17, 2013 | 2:15pm | — | — | — | 1 | 7 |
| 11 | September 18, 2013 | 1:15pm | 23:56 | 23:41 | 00:15 | 1 | 8 |
| P4 | September 18, 2013 | 2:15pm | — | — | — | 1 | 8 |
| 12 | September 19, 2013 | 1:15pm | 23:49 | 24:20 | 00:31 | 2 | 8 |
| P4 | September 19, 2013 | 2:15pm | — | — | — | 2 | 8 |
| A5 | September 20, 2013 | 1:20pm | — | — | — | 2 | 8 |
| 13 | September 20, 2013 | 2:33pm | 27:20 | 28:44 | 01:24 | 3 | 8 |
| P6 | September 21, 2013 | 1:15pm | — | — | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=34th_America's_Cup|||