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| Beijing cuisine | |||||||
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| Chinese | 北京菜 | ||||||
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| Jing cuisine | |||||||
| Chinese | 京菜 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Cuisine of the capital | ||||||
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| Beiping cuisine | |||||||
| Chinese | 北平菜 | ||||||
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Beijing cuisine, also known as Jing cuisine, Mandarin cuisine and Peking cuisine and formerly as Beiping cuisine, is the local cuisine of Beijing, the national capital of China.
Background
As Beijing has been the capital of China for centuries, its cuisine is influenced by culinary traditions from all over China, but the style that has the greatest influence on Beijing cuisine is that of the eastern coastal province of Shandong.[1][2][3][4] Beijing cuisine has itself, in turn, also greatly influenced other Chinese cuisines, particularly the cuisine of Liaoning, the Chinese imperial cuisine and the Chinese aristocrat cuisine.[1][2][3][4]
Another tradition that influenced Beijing cuisine (as well as influenced by the latter itself) is the Chinese imperial cuisine that originated from the "Emperor's Kitchen" (御膳房; yùshànfáng), which referred to the cooking facilities inside the Forbidden City, where thousands of cooks from different parts of China showed their best culinary skills to please the imperial family and officials. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to determine the actual origin of a dish as the term "Mandarin" is generalised and refers not only to Beijing, but other provinces as well. However, some generalisation of Beijing cuisine can be characterised as follows: Foods that originated in Beijing are often snacks rather than main courses, and they are typically sold by small shops or street vendors. There is emphasis on dark soy paste, sesame paste, sesame oil and scallions, and fermented tofu is often served as a condiment. In terms of cooking techniques, methods relating to different ways of frying are often used.[1][4] There is less emphasis on rice as an accompaniment as compared to many other regions in China, as local rice production in Beijing is limited by the relatively dry climate.
Many dishes in Beijing cuisine that are served as main courses are derived from a variety of Chinese Halal foods, particularly lamb and beef dishes,[5] as well as from Huaiyang cuisine.
Huaiyang cuisine has been praised since ancient times in China and it was a general practice for an official travelling to Beijing to take up a new post to bring along with him a chef specialising in Huaiyang cuisine. When these officials had completed their terms in the capital and returned to their native provinces, most of the chefs they brought along often remained in Beijing. They opened their own restaurants or were hired by wealthy locals.[1][4] The imperial clan of the Ming dynasty, the House of Zhu, who had ancestry from Jiangsu Province, also contributed greatly in introducing Huaiyang cuisine to Beijing when the capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing in the 15th century, because the imperial kitchen was mainly Huaiyang style. The element of traditional Beijing culinary and gastronomical cultures of enjoying artistic performances such as Beijing opera while dining directly developed from the similar practice in the culture of Jiangsu and Huaiyang cuisines.[1][2][3][4][6]
Chinese Islamic cuisine is another important component of Beijing cuisine and was first prominently introduced when Beijing became the capital of the Yuan dynasty. However, the most significant contribution to the formation of Beijing cuisine came from Shandong cuisine, as most chefs from Shandong Province came to Beijing en masse during the Qing dynasty. Unlike the earlier two cuisines, which were brought by the ruling class such as nobles, aristocrats and bureaucrats and then spread to the general populace, the introduction of Shandong cuisine begun with serving the general populace, with much wider market segment, from wealthy merchants to the working class.
History
The Qing dynasty was a major period in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Before the Boxer Rebellion, the foodservice establishments in Beijing were strictly stratified by the foodservice guild. Each category of the establishment was specifically based on its ability to provide for a particular segment of the market. The top ranking establishments served nobles, aristocrats, and wealthy merchants and landlords, while lower ranking establishments served the populace of lower financial and social status. It was during this period when Beijing cuisine gained fame and became recognised by the Chinese culinary society, and the stratification of the foodservice was one of its most obvious characteristics as part of its culinary and gastronomic cultures during this first peak of its formation.[1][2][3][4]
The official stratification was an integral part of the local culture of Beijing and it was not finally abolished officially after the end of the Qing dynasty, which resulted in the second peak in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Meals previously offered to nobles and aristocrats were made available to anyone who could afford them instead of being restricted only to the upper class. As chefs freely switched between jobs offered by different establishments, they brought their skills that further enriched and developed Beijing cuisine. Though the stratification of food services in Beijing was no longer effected by imperial laws, the structure more or less remained despite continuous weakening due to the financial background of the local clientele. The different classes are listed in the following subsections.[1][2][3][4][6]
Zhuang
Zhuang (庄; 莊; zhuāng; 'village'), or zhuang zihao (庄字号; 莊字號; zhuāng zìhào; 'village brand') were the top-ranking foodservice establishments, not only in providing foods, but entertainment as well. The form of entertainment provided was usually Beijing opera, and establishments of this class always had long-term contracts with an opera troupe to perform onsite or contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite, though not on a daily basis. Establishments of this category only accepted customers who came as a group and ordered banquets by appointment, and the banquets provided by establishments of this category often included most, if not all tables, at the site. The bulk foodservice business was catering at customers' homes or other locations, often for birthdays, marriages, funerals, promotions and other important celebrations and festivals. When catering, these establishments not only provided what was on the menu, but fulfilled customers' requests.
Leng zhuangzi (冷庄子; 冷莊子; lěng zhuāngzǐ; 'cold village') lacked any rooms to host banquets, and thus their business was purely catering.
Tang
Tang (堂; táng; 'auditorium'), or tang zihao (堂字号; 堂字號; táng zìhào; 'auditorium brand'), are similar to zhuang establishments, but the business of these second-class establishments were generally evenly divided among onsite banquet hosting and catering (at customers' homes). Establishments of this class would also have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes to perform onsite, but they did not have long-term contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite on regular basis; however these top performers would still perform at establishments of this category occasionally. In terms of catering at the customers' sites, establishments of this category often only provided dishes strictly according to their menu.
Ting
Ting (厅; 廳; tīng; 'foyer'), or ting zihao (厅字号; 廳字號; tīng zìhào; 'foyer brand') are foodservice establishments which had more business in onsite banquet hosting than catering at customers' homes. For onsite banquet hosting, entertainment was still provided, but establishments of this category did not have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes, so that performers varied from time to time, and top performers usually did not perform here or at any lower-ranking establishments. For catering, different establishments of this category were incapable of handling significant catering on their own, but generally had to combine resources with other establishments of the same ranking (or lower) to do the job.
Yuan
Yuan (园; 園; yuán; 'garden'), or yuan zihao (园字号; 園字號; yuán zìhào; 'garden brand') did nearly all their business in hosting banquets onsite. Entertainment was not provided on a regular basis, but there were stages built onsite for Beijing opera performers. Instead of being hired by the establishments like in the previous three categories, performers at establishments of this category were usually contractors who paid the establishment to perform and split the earnings according to a certain percentage. Occasionally, establishments of this category would be called upon to help cater at customers' homes, but had to work with others, never taking the lead as establishments like the ting.
Lou
Lou (楼; 樓; lóu; 'story', 'floor'), or lou zihao (楼字号; 樓字號; lóu zìhào; 'story brand') did the bulk of their business hosting banquets onsite by appointment. In addition, a smaller portion of the business was in serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis. Occasionally, when catering at customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for.
Ju
Ju (居; jū; 'residence'), or ju zihao (居字号; 居字號; jū zìhào; 'residence brand') generally divided their business evenly into two areas: serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Occasionally, when catering at the customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for, just like the lou. However, unlike those establishments, which always cooked their specialty dishes on location, establishment of this category would either cook on location or simply bring the already-cooked food to the location.
Zhai
Zhai (斋; 齋; zhāi; 'study'), or zhai zihao (斋字号; 齋字號; zhāi zìhào; 'study brand') were mainly in the business of serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, but a small portion of their income did come from hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Similar to the ju, when catering at customers’ homes, establishments of this category would also only provide the few specialty dishes they are famous for, but they would mostly bring the already-cooked dishes to the location, and would only cook on location occasionally.
Fang
Fang (坊; fǎng; 'workshop'), or fang zihao (坊字号; 坊字號; fǎng zìhào; 'workshop brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category generally did not offer the service of hosting banquets made by appointment for customers who came as one group, but instead, often only offered to serve different customers onsite on a walk-in basis. Establishments of this category or lower would not be called upon to perform catering at the customers' homes for special events.
Guan
Guan (馆; 館; guǎn; 'restaurant'), or guan zihao (馆字号; 館字號; guǎn zìhào; 'restaurant brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category mainly served different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and in addition, a portion of the income would be earned from selling to-goes.
Dian
Dian (店; diàn; 'shop'), or dian zihao (店字号; 店字號; diàn zìhào; 'shop brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category had their own place, like all previous categories, but serving different customers to dine onsite on a walk-in basis only provided half of the overall income, while the other half came from selling to-goes.
Pu
Pu (铺; 鋪; pù; 'store'), or pu zihao (铺字号; 鋪字號; pù zìhào; 'store brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category ranked next to the last, and they were often named after the owners' last names. Establishments of this category had fixed spots of business for having their own places, but smaller than dian, and thus did not have tables, but only seats for customers. As a result, the bulk of the income of establishments of this category was from selling to-goes, while income earned from customers dining onsite only provided a small portion of the overall income.
Tan
Tan (摊; 攤; tān; 'stand'), or tan zihao (摊字号; 攤字號; tān zìhào; 'stand brand'). The lowest ranking foodservice establishments without any tables, and selling to-goes was the only form of business. In addition to name the food stand after the owners' last name or the food sold, these food stands were also often named after the owners' nicknames.
Notable dishes and street foods
Meat and poultry dishes
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| English | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beef wrapped in pancake | 門釘肉餅 | 门钉肉饼 | méndīng ròubǐng | |
| Beggar's Chicken | 富貴雞 | 富贵鸡 | fùguì jī | The dish's name literally means "rich chicken" or "wealthy chicken". It is also known as jiaohua ji (叫化鸡; 叫化雞; jiàohuā jī).[7] |
| Cold pig's ears in sauce | 拌雙脆 | 拌双脆 | bàn shuāngcuì | |
| Dried soy milk cream in tight roll with beef fillings | 炸卷果 | 炸卷果 | zhá juǎnguǒ | |
| Fried dry soybean cream with diced meat filling | 炸響鈴 | 炸响铃 | zhá xiǎnglíng | |
| Fried meatballs | 炸丸子 | 炸丸子 | zhá wánzǐ | |
| Fried pig's liver wrapped in Chinese small iris | 炸卷肝 | 炸卷肝 | zhá juǎngān | |
| Fried triangle | 炸三角 | 炸三角 | zhá sānjiǎo | |
| Fried wheaten pancake with meat and sea cucumber fillings | 褡褳火燒 | 褡裢火烧 | dālián huǒshāo | |
| Glazed fried egg cake | 金絲糕 | 金丝糕 | jīnsīgāo | |
| Goat/sheep's intestine filled with blood | 羊霜腸 | 羊霜肠 | yáng shuāngcháng | |
| Hot and sour soup | 酸辣湯 | 酸辣汤 | suānlà tāng | |
| Instant-boiled mutton | 涮羊肉 | 涮羊肉 | shuàn yángròu | A variant of hot pot which usually features boiled water as base (no additional spices) and mutton as the main type of meat. |
| Lard with flour wrapping glazed in honey | 蜜汁葫蘆 | 蜜汁葫芦 | mìzhī húlú | |
| Lotus ham | 蓮棗肉方 | 莲枣肉方 | liánzǎo ròufāng | |
| Lotus-shaped cake with chicken | 蓮蓬雞糕 | 莲蓬鸡糕 | liánpéng jīgāo | |
| Meatball soup | 清湯丸子 | 清汤丸子 | qīngtāng wánzǐ | |
| Meat in sauce | 醬肉 | 酱肉 | jiàngròu | |
| Meat wrapped in thin mung bean flour pancake | 煎餅餜子 | 煎饼馃子 | jiānbǐng guǒzǐ | |
| Moo shu pork | 木須肉 | 木须肉 | mùxūròu | Literally "wood shavings meat" |
| Napa Cabbage Hot pot | 酸白菜火鍋 | 酸白菜火锅 | suān báicài huǒguō | A variant of hot pot of Northeast China origin. Its main ingredients are pickled Napa cabbage, cooked pork belly and other meats, and other typical dishes include leaf vegetables, mushrooms, wontons, egg dumplings, tofu, and seafood. The cooked food is usually eaten with a dipping sauce. |
| Peking barbecue | 北京烤肉 | 北京烤肉 | Běijīng kǎoròu | |
| Peking duck | 北京烤鴨 | 北京烤鸭 | Běijīng kǎoyā | Usually served with pancakes |
| Peking dumpling | 北京餃子 | 北京饺子 | Běijīng jiǎozǐ | |
| Peking wonton | 北京餛飩 | 北京馄饨 | Běijīng húndùn | |
| Pickled Chinese cabbage with blood-filled pig's intestines | 酸菜血腸 | 酸菜血肠 | suāncài xuěcháng | |
| Pickled meat in sauce | 清醬肉 | 清酱肉 | qīngjiàngròu | |
| Plain boiled pork | 白肉 | 白肉 | báiròu | |
| Pork in broth | 蘇造肉 | 苏造肉 | sūzào ròu | |
| Pork shoulder | 水晶肘子 | 水晶肘子 | shuǐjīng zhǒuzǐ | |
| Quick-fried tripe | 爆肚 | 爆肚 | bàodù | |
| Roasted meat | 燒肉 | 烧肉 | shāoròu | Could be either beef, pork or mutton |
| Shredded mung bean skin salad | 拌皮絲 | 拌皮丝 | bànpísī | |
| Soft fried tenderloin | 軟炸里脊 | 软炸里脊 | ruǎnzhá lǐjī | |
| Stewed pig's organs | 燉吊子 | 炖吊子 | dùn diàozǐ | |
| Stir-fried tomato and scrambled eggs | 西紅柿炒雞蛋 | 西红柿炒鸡蛋 | xīhóngshì chǎo jīdàn | |
| Sweet and sour spare ribs | 糖醋排骨 | 糖醋排骨 | tángcù páigǔ | |
| Sweet stir-fried mutton / lamb | 它似蜜 | 它似蜜 | tāsìmì | |
| Wheaten cake boiled in meat broth | 滷煮火燒 | 卤煮火烧 | lǔzhǔ huǒshāo | |
| Pea Flour Cake | 碗豆黄 | 碗豆黄 | wǎn dòu huáng |
Fish and seafood dishes
| English | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abalone with peas and fish paste | 蛤蟆鮑魚 | 蛤蟆鲍鱼 | hāmǎ bàoyú | The dish's name literally means "toad abalone". |
| Boiled fish in household-style | 家常熬魚 | 家常熬鱼 | jiācháng áoyú | |
| Braised fish | 酥魚 | 酥鱼 | sūyú | |
| Egg and shrimp wrapped in corn flour pancake | 糊餅 | 糊饼 | húbǐng | |
| Fish cooked with five kinds of sliced vegetable | 五柳魚 | 五柳鱼 | wǔlǐu yú | |
| Fish cooked with five-spice powder | 五香魚 | 五香鱼 | wǔxiāng yú | |
| Fish in vinegar and pepper | 醋椒魚 | 醋椒鱼 | cùjiāo yú | |
| Fish soaked in soup | 乾燒魚 | 干烧鱼 | gānshāo yú | |
| Sea cucumber with quail egg | 烏龍吐珠 | 乌龙吐珠 | wūlóng tǔzhū | The dish's name literally means "the black dragon spits out pearls". |
| Shrimp chips with egg | 金魚戲蓮 | 金鱼戏莲 | jīnyú xìlián | The dish's name literally means "the goldfish playing with the lotus". |
| Soft fried fish | 軟炸魚 | 软炸鱼 | ruǎnzhá yú |