Bezhta language

Bezhta
Bezhta
бежкьалас миц ; bežƛʼalas mic / beƶⱡʼalas mic
Pronunciation	[ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Southern Dagestan
Ethnicity	Bezhta people
Native speakers	6,800 (2006–2010)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Bezhta; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kap
Glottolog	bezh1248
ELP	Bezhta
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Bezhta (or Bezheta) language (Bezhta: бежкьалас миц, bežƛʼalas mic, beƶⱡʼalas mic, pronounced [ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]), also known as Kapucha (from the name of a large village^[2]), belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family. It is spoken by about 6,200 people in southern Dagestan, Russia^[3]

Bezhta can be divided into three dialects – Bezhta Proper, Tlyadal and Khocharkhotin^[3] – which are spoken in various villages in the region. Its closest linguistic relatives are Hunzib and Khwarshi.^[4] Bezhta is unwritten, but various attempts have been made to develop an official orthography for the language. The Bezhta people use Avar as the literary language. The first book ever printed in Bezhta was the Gospel of Luke (1999).^[5]

Phonology

Bezhta has a rich consonantal and – unlike its relatives Tsez and Avar – a relatively large vowel inventory (16 distinct vowel phonemes), compared to other languages of the same family.^[6]

Vowels

	Oral			Nasal
	Front		Back	Front		Back
Close	i iː	y yː	u uː	ĩ ĩː	ỹ ỹː	ũ ũː
Mid	e eː	ø øː	o oː	ẽ ẽː	ø̃ ø̃ː	õ õː
Open	æ æː		ɑ ɑː	æ̃ æ̃ː		ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar			Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Labial	central	sibilant	lateral	Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	t͡ɬ ~ k͡𝼄	t͡ʃ	k	q͡χ		ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ ~ k͡𝼄ʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	q͡χʼ		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ɬ	ʃ		χ	ħ	h
Fricative	voiced			z		ʒ		ʁ	ʕ
Sonorant		w	r		l	j

Morphology

Bezhta is mostly agglutinative and the vast amount of locative cases makes its case system particularly rich. The verb morphology is relatively simple. It is an ergative language.^{[citation needed]}

Numerals

Unlike Tsez, Bezhta has a decimal system with the word for twenty being an exception.^{[citation needed]}

	Latin	Cyrillic
1	hõs	гьоᵸс
2	qʼona	къона
3	łana	лъана
4	ṏqʼönä	оьᵸкъоьнаь
5	łina	лъина
6	iłna	илъна
7	aƛna	алIна
8	beƛna	белIна
9	äčʼena	аьчIена
10	acʼona	ацIона
20	qona	хъона
100	hõsčʼitʼ / -čʼitʼ	гьоᵸсчIитI / -чIитI
1000	hazay	гьазай

Multiples of 10 higher than 20 are formed by adding the suffix -yig (-йиг) to the multiplier. Hence, the word for 30 is łanayig (лъанайиг).
Compound numbers are formed by juxtaposition, the smaller numbers following the greater ones. The number 47 is thus expressed as ṏqʼönäyig aƛna (оьᵸкъоьнаьйиг алIна).

Orthography

Bezhta is typically unwritten. The orthography used in translations of biblical texts is as follows:^[7]^[8]

А а	Аь аь	А^н а^н	Аь^н аь^н	А̄ а̄	Б б	В в	Г г
Гъ гъ	Гь гь	ГӀ гӀ	Д д	Е е	Е^н е^н	Ж ж	З з
И и	И^н и^н	Ӣ ӣ	Й й	К к	Къ къ	Кь кь	КӀ кӀ
Л л	Лъ лъ	ЛӀ лӀ	М м	Н н	О о	Оь оь	О^н о^н
Оь^н оь^н	О̄ о̄	П п	ПӀ пӀ	Р р	С с	Т т	ТӀ тӀ
У у	Уь уь	У^н у^н	Уь^н уь^н	Ӯ ӯ	Х х	Хъ хъ	ХӀ хӀ
Ц ц	ЦӀ цӀ	Ч ч	ЧӀ чӀ	Ш ш	Э э	Э^н э^н	Ъ ъ

Sample of the Bezhta language

This is a passage taken from the Gospel of Luke^[9] written in a Cyrillic orthography based on Avar and Chechen, a Latinized transcription and one in IPA.

CYRILLIC	LATIN TRANSCRIPTION	IPA TRANSCRIPTION	TRANSLATION
Гьогцо гьоллохъа нисос:	Hogco holloqa nisos:		And don't let us be tempted."

References

^ Bezhta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986: ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.
^ ^a ^b Ethnologue entry for Bezhta
^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2009). "Languages in the Caucasus" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
^ Institute for Bible Translation. "Translators' News" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
^ Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015). Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka . Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.
^ Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.
^ Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.
^ "Gospel of Luke in Bezhta". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

External links

Margus Kolga; Igor Tõnurist; Lembit Vaba; Jüri Viikberg (1993). "The Bezhtas". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
The Bezhta People and Language (P.J. Hillery)
Bezhta Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
Bezhta basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Bezhta_language
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[e18-1] Bezhta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986: ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.

[Ethnologue-3] Ethnologue entry for Bezhta

[Schulze09-4] Schulze, Wolfgang (2009). "Languages in the Caucasus" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.

[IBT200012-5] Institute for Bible Translation. "Translators' News" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2014-01-30.

[6] Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015). Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka . Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.

[7] Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.

[8] Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev: = The language, folklore and etnography of the Bezhta people. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.

[Gospel-9] "Gospel of Luke in Bezhta". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

v t e Northeast Caucasian languages
Avar–Andic	Andic Akhvakh Andi Bagvalal Botlikh Chamalal Godoberi Karata Tindi Avar
Tsezic	Bezhta Hinukh Hunzib Khwarshi Tsez
Dargin	Chirag Dargwa Kadar Itsari Kaitag Kubachi
Lezgic	Aghul Archi Budukh Kryts Jek Lezgin Rutul Tabasaran Tsakhur Udi Caucasian Albanian
Nakh	Bats Vainakh Chechen Ingush
Other	Khinalug Lak
Italics indicate extinct languages

Bezhta
бежкьалас миц bežƛʼalas mic / beƶⱡʼalas mic
Pronunciation	[ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Southern Dagestan
Ethnicity	Bezhta people
Native speakers	6,800 (2006–2010)^[1]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Bezhta
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`kap`
Glottolog	`bezh1248`
ELP	Bezhta
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.