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The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.
History
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.
During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.
In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]
Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]
European integration
The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.
The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[5]
Involvement in developing countries
The Netherlands was the 9th-largest donor country in 2021, giving about $5 billion, about 0.5% of its gross national income (GNI), in official development assistance (ODA).[6] The country contributes through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds is also channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.[citation needed]
The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and the 2015 Nepal earthquake.[7]
On 25 April 2022, Vice Minister Schuiling visited Vietnam for promotion of economic cooperation between Netherlands and Vietnam, including the agriculture, water, logistics, energy and high tech sectors.[8]
Export assistance grants
"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[9]
International organizations
As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO),[10] and International Monetary Fund.[11]
The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[12]
International issues
The Dutch work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.
From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.
The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[13]
Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[14] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[15]
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[16][17]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which the Netherlands maintains diplomatic relations with:
| ||
|---|---|---|
| # | Country | Date |
| 1 |  United Kingdom
|
1 April 1603[18] |
| 2 |  Denmark
|
31 March 1605[19] |
| 3 |  Russia
|
1613[20] |
| 4 |  Sweden
|
April 1614[21] |
| 5 |  Portugal
|
February 1641[22] |
| 6 |  Spain
|
29 June 1649[23] |
| 7 |  France
|
28 July 1749[24] |
| 8 |  United States
|
19 April 1782[25] |
| 9 |  Switzerland
|
31 January 1814[26] |
| 10 |  Mexico
|
15 June 1827[27] |
| 11 |  Brazil
|
20 December 1828[28] |
| 12 |  Colombia
|
1 May 1829[29] |
| — |  Holy See
|
May 1829[30][31] |
| 13 |  Belgium
|
3 August 1839[32] |
| 14 |  Costa Rica
|
12 July 1852[33] |
| 15 |  Dominican Republic
|
30 November 1853[34] |
| 16 |  Japan
|
30 January 1856[35] |
| 17 |  Venezuela
|
22 March 1856[36] |
| 18 |  Guatemala
|
22 March 1856[37] |
| 19 |  El Salvador
|
1857[38] |
| 20 |  Italy
|
15 September 1859[39] |
| 21 |  Thailand
|
17 December 1860[40] |
| 22 |  Chile
|
9 January 1872[41] |
| 23 |  Greece
|
1874[42] |
| 24 |  Romania
|
12 February 1880[43] |
| 25 |  Iran
|
5 January 1883[44] |
| 26 |  Luxembourg
|
4 March 1891[45] |
| 27 |  Argentina
|
24 January 1896[46] |
| 28 |  Uruguay
|
15 April 1896[47][48] |
| 29 |  Serbia
|
26 April 1899[49] |
| 30 |  Cuba
|
20 May 1902[50] |
| 31 |  Paraguay
|
9 November 1903[51] |
| 32 |  Panama
|
10 April 1904[52] |
| 33 |  Norway
|
4 December 1905[53] |
| 34 |  Bulgaria
|
8 July 1909[54] |
| 35 |  Bolivia
|
21 July 1911[55] |
| 36 |  Haiti
|
21 November 1912[56] |
| 37 |  Finland
|
14 August 1918[57] |
| 38 |  Poland
|
4 July 1919[58] |
| 39 |  Czech Republic
|
13 November 1919[59] |
| 40 |  Peru
|
13 May 1921[60] |
| 41 |  Hungary
|
1921[61] |
| 42 |  Egypt
|
16 November 1922[62] |
| 43 |  Turkey
|
22 June 1924[63] |
| 44 |  South Africa
|
25 November 1929[64][65] |
| 45 |  Saudi Arabia
|
9 June 1930[66] |
| 46 |  Iraq
|
10 May 1935[67] |
| 47 |  Canada
|
3 January 1939[68] |
| 48 |  Australia
|
16 April 1942[69] |
| 49 |  Ireland
|
1945[70] |
| 50 |  Iceland
|
9 January 1946[71] |
| 51 |  Honduras
|
16 March 1946[72] |
| 52 |  Austria
|
3 September 1946[73] |
| 53 |  India
|
17 April 1947[74] |
| 54 |  New Zealand
|
19 June 1947[75] |
| 55 |  Myanmar
|
22 December 1947[76] |
| 56 |  Pakistan
|
July 1948[77] |
| 57 |  Liberia
|
3 May 1949[78] |
| 58 |  Indonesia
|
October 1949[79][80] |
| 59 |  Israel
|
16 January 1950[81] |
| 60 |  Lebanon
|
12 October 1950[78] |
| 61 |  Ethiopia
|
6 November 1950[78] |
| 62 |  Germany
|
6 March 1951[82] |
| 63 |  Philippines
|
17 May 1951[83] |
| 64 |  Sri Lanka
|
23 November 1951[84] |
| 65 |  Jordan
|
15 December 1951[85] |
| 66 |  Syria
|
24 January 1952[86] |
| 67 |  Libya
|
1955[87] |
| — |  Nicaragua (suspended)
|
1955[88] |
| 68 |  Sudan
|
15 February 1956[89] |
| 69 |  Afghanistan
|
2 August 1956[90] |
| 70 |  Morocco
|
1956[91] |
| 71 |  Malaysia
|
31 August 1957[92] |
| 72 |  Cambodia
|
1957[93] |
| 73 |  Tunisia
|
1957[94] |