Kuqa كۇچار شەھىرى (Uyghur) 库车市 (Chinese) Kuchar, Kucha, Kuche, Qiuci
County-level city
Location of Kuchar County (red) within Aksu Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
Kuqa Location of the seat Show map of Xinjiang Kuqa Kuqa (China) Show map of China
Coordinates: 41°43′N 82°58′E / 41.717°N 82.967°E / 41.717; 82.967
Country	China
Autonomous region	Xinjiang
Prefecture	Aksu
Municipal seat	Yengisheher Subdistrict (Xincheng Subdistrict)
Area [1]
• Total	15,200 km2 (5,900 sq mi)
Elevation	1,072 m (3,517 ft)
Population  (2020)[2]
• Total	530,328
• Density	35/km2 (90/sq mi)
Ethnic groups
• Major ethnic groups	Uyghur[3]
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard[a])
Postal code	842000
Website	www.xjkc.gov.cn (in Chinese)

Kuqa^[b] (/ˈkuːtʃə/ KOO-chə) is a county-level city in Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. It was once the homeland of the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Kucha.

History

According to the Book of Han (completed in 111 CE), Kucha was the largest of the "Thirty-six Kingdoms of the Western Regions", with a population of 81,317, including 21,076 persons able to bear arms.^[9]: 156

In 630, Xuanzang, a well-known Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator visited Kucha during the Early Tang period.

In the book "Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib", written in 982 by an unknown Arab or Persian writer, and presented to Abu'l Haret Muhammad, the ruler of Guzgan, the following is written regarding Kucha:

"Kucha is located on the Chinese border and belongs to China, but the indigenous people, Dokuzoguzes, at times are engaged in raids and looting. This city has many advantages."

Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a military general, in his historical book Tarikh-i-Rashidi used the word "Kūsān" for Kucha.

Mahmud Kashgari, in his Compendium of Turkic Languages (Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk), wrote the following about Kucha: "It is one of the cities built by Zülqarnayin (Alexander the Macedonian).".^[10] He also wrote that Kucha was a Uyghur town.^[11]

In 1758, the Qing Dynasty took control of the area, and the Chinese character name 'Kuche' (庫車) was made the name of the area.^[12]

In 1991, there was a bombing attack at a Kuqa County government office and at an XPCC unit.^[13]

In an interview with Radio Free Asia, an officer at the Kuchar County Police Department reported that from June to December 2018, 150 people at the No. 1 Internment Camp in the Yengisher district of Kuchar county had died, corroborating earlier reports attributed to Himit Qari, former area police chief.^[6][7]

On December 20, 2019, Kuqa County was disestablished and Kuqa City was created.^[14]

Ancient Buddhist kingdom in Kuqa

Monasteries

• Ta-mu had 170 priests.
• Around Che-hu-li, on a hill north of the city of Po-shan, there were 50 or 60 monks.
• Another Monastery was founded by King Wen-Su (Uch-Turfan) and had 70 monks.

Convents

There were two convents in A-li (Avania).

• Liun-jo-kan: 50 nuns
• A-li-po: 30 nuns

Another monastery, Tsio-li, north of Kucha and a famous place where Kumārajīva's mother Jīva retreated.

Priests

Po-Yen

Known as Po-Yen, a priest from the royal family who traveled to the Chinese capital Luoyang between 256 and 260 BC. He translated six Buddhist texts into Chinese within the year 258 BC.

Po-Po-Śrīmitra

Po-Po-Śrīmitra is another priest from Kuqa who traveled Southern China between 307 and 312 BC and translated three Buddhist texts.

Po-Yen

A second Buddhist priest from Kuqa, known as Po-Yen, also went to Liangzhou (present-day Wuwei district in Gansu). Although not so well known in China, he translated many texts.^[15]

Climate

Geography

The city is located at the southern periphery of the Tian Shan range, the northern portion of the Tarim Basin, and the centre of the autonomous region. It occupies part of the northeastern portion of Aksu Prefecture, bordering Xinhe County, Xayar County, and Luntai County, Heiing County, and Lopnur County in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Region.

Kuqa has a continental desert climate (Köppen BWk), with an average annual precipitation of 74.6 millimetres (2.94 in), a majority of which occurs in summer. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) in January to 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 11.29 °C (52.3 °F). The frost-free period lasts for 266 days on average.^{[citation needed]} With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 54% in March to 69% in September and October, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,712 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Administrative divisions

Kuqa has 4 subdistricts, 8 towns, 6 townships and one other area under its administration:^{[19][20][1][21]}