A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Languages of the United Kingdom | |
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![]() Multilingual sign in London | |
Main | English (98%;[1] national and de facto official)[2][3][4] |
Minority | Scots (2.5%),[5] Welsh (1.3%),[6] Cornish (<0.01% L2),[7][8][9] Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Ulster Scots (0.05%),[10] Angloromani, Beurla Reagaird, Shelta |
Immigrant | Polish, Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Arabic, French, Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil[11] |
Signed | British Sign Language, (0.002%)[12] Irish Sign Language, Signed English, Northern Ireland Sign Language |
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Culture of the United Kingdom |
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English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom,[13] but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional languages are Scots and Ulster Scots and the Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and, as a revived language with few speakers, Cornish. British Sign Language is also used. There are also many languages spoken by immigrants who arrived recently to the United Kingdom, mainly within inner city areas; these languages are mainly from continental Europe and South Asia.[14]
The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is English.[15]
Welsh is an official language, under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, in Wales.[16][17] Additionally, Welsh is the only de jure official language in any part of the United Kingdom. Welsh is spoken by 538,300 people in Wales according to the 2021 census,[18] though data from the Annual Population Survey shows that 28%, or roughly 862,700 people, of Wales' population aged three and over were able to speak the language in March 2024.[19] Additionally, 32.5% (1,001,500) reported that they could understand spoken Welsh, 24.7% (759,200) could read and 22.2% (684,500) could write in Welsh.[19]
Approximately 124,000 people speak Irish in Northern Ireland, which is an official language in Northern Ireland alongside English.[20]
List of languages and dialects
Living
The table below outlines living indigenous languages of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). The languages of the Crown Dependencies (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) are not included here.
Language | Type | Spoken in | Numbers of speakers in the UK |
---|---|---|---|
English | Germanic (West Germanic) | Throughout the United Kingdom | 59,824,194; 98% (2011 census)[1] |
Scots (Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland) | Germanic (West Germanic) | Scotland (Scottish Lowlands, Caithness, Northern Isles) and Berwick-upon-Tweed Northern Ireland (Counties Down, Antrim, Londonderry) |
|
Welsh | Celtic (Brythonic) | Wales (especially west and north) and parts of England near the Welsh–English border Welsh communities in major English cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. |
|
British Sign Language | BANZSL | Throughout the United Kingdom | 77,000; (2014 data)[24] |
Irish | Celtic (Goidelic) | Northern Ireland, with communities in Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, London etc. |
|
Angloromani | Mixed | Spoken by English Romanichal Traveller communities in England, Scotland and Wales | 90,000[25] (1990 data) |
Scottish Gaelic | Celtic (Goidelic) | Scotland (Scottish Highlands and Hebrides with substantial minorities in various Scottish cities) A small community in London |
|
Cornish | Celtic (Brythonic) | Cornwall (even smaller minorities of speakers in Plymouth, London, and South Wales) | 563 L2 users as of the 2021 Census[28] |
Shelta | Mixed | Spoken by Irish Traveller communities throughout the United Kingdom | Est. 30,000 in UK. Fewer than 86,000 worldwide.[29] |
Irish Sign Language | Francosign | Northern Ireland | Unknown |
Northern Ireland Sign Language | BANZSL | Northern Ireland | Unknown |
Anglic
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Street_sign%2C_Ballywalter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_344056.jpg/220px-Street_sign%2C_Ballywalter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_344056.jpg)
- British English
- English English (as spoken in England)
- Northern English
- Cheshire dialect
- Cumbrian
- Northumbrian
- Geordie (of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and surrounding area)
- Lancastrian (Lancashire, northern parts of Greater Manchester, eastern parts of Merseyside and surrounding area)
- Mackem (of Sunderland and surrounding area)
- Mancunian (Greater Manchester, Cheshire East and surrounding area)
- Yorkshire/Tyke
- Scouse (Liverpool and other parts of Merseyside, Cheshire West, parts of North Wales and surrounding area)
- East Midlands English
- West Midlands English
- Black Country (of Dudley, Wolverhampton, Walsall and Sandwell)
- Brummie (spoken in Birmingham)
- Potteries (North Staffordshire, centred on Stoke on Trent)
- Southern English English
- East Anglian
- Estuary English
- London
- West Country dialects (Bristol, Devon, Dorset, Somerset; also parts of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Herefordshire)
- Northern English
- Scottish English
- Welsh English
- Cardiff dialect (additional varieties of which spoken throughout South Wales)
- Hiberno English
- Sign Supported English (a sign language based on English, not BSL)
- English English (as spoken in England)
- Scots[30]
Insular Celtic
- Brythonic languages
- Goidelic languages
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