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List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage
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According to a consensus of history, many adherents in the early Latter Day Saint movement practiced plural marriage, a doctrine that states that polygyny is ordained of God. Although the largest denomination in the movement, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, officially abandoned the practice of plural marriage in 1890, a number of churches in the Mormon fundamentalist movement continue to teach and practice it. Historically, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), the second largest denomination in the movement, had an anti-polygamy position.[1][2][3][4]
Pre-succession crisis
The following notable Latter Day Saints are alleged to have practiced plural marriage prior to the 1844 succession crisis that followed the death of Joseph Smith, Jr.
|
Name: | Joseph Smith | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Born: | December 23, 1805 | ||
| Died: | June 27, 1844 (aged 38) | ||
| Positions: | 1st President of the Church of Christ (later the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints)[5], April 6, 1830 – June 27, 1844 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 5, 1841[10] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 33[11] | ||
| Notes: | Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Also Mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois (1842–1844). Commonly believed to have married at least 30 wives before his death[6] and to have taught the doctrine to his close associates, although he publicly denied teaching or practicing polygamy.[7][8][9] | ||
|
Name: | Hyrum Smith | |
| Born: | February 9, 1800 | ||
| Died: | June 27, 1844 (aged 44) | ||
| Positions: | Assistant President of the Church, called by Joseph Smith, January 24, 1841 – June 27, 1844 Latter Day Saint Apostle, called by Joseph Smith, January 24, 1841 – June 27, 1844 2nd Presiding Patriarch, called by Joseph Smith, September 14, 1840 – June 27, 1844 Second Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Joseph Smith, November 7, 1837 – January 24, 1841 Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Joseph Smith, September 3, 1837 – November 7, 1837 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | August 11, 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 2[13] | ||
| Notes: | Brother of Joseph Smith. Publicly denied practicing polygamy | ||
|
Name: | Brigham Young | |
| Born: | June 1, 1801 | ||
| Died: | August 29, 1877 (aged 76) | ||
| Positions: | 2nd President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, December 27, 1847 – August 29, 1877 President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, April 14, 1840 – December 27, 1847 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, February 14, 1835 – December 27, 1847 LDS Church Apostle, called by Three Witnesses, February 14, 1835 – August 29, 1877 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 5, 1841[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 55 | ||
| Notes: | Succeeded Smith as leader of the LDS Church. Was also Governor of Utah Territory from February 3, 1851, to April 12, 1858. Is probably the most famous Latter Day Saint polygamist with 55 wives. | ||
|
Name: | Heber C. Kimball | |
| Born: | June 14, 1801 | ||
| Died: | June 22, 1868 (aged 67) | ||
| Positions: | First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, December 27, 1847 – June 22, 1868 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, February 14, 1835 – December 27, 1847 LDS Church Apostle, called by Three Witnesses, February 14, 1835 – June 22, 1868 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | 1842[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 45 | ||
|
Name: | Willard Richards | |
| Born: | June 24, 1804 | ||
| Died: | March 11, 1854 (aged 49) | ||
| Positions: | Second Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, December 27, 1847 – March 11, 1854 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Joseph Smith, April 14, 1840 – December 27, 1847 LDS Church Apostle, called by Joseph Smith, April 14, 1840 – March 11, 1854 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | January 18, 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 14 | ||
| Notes: | Richards was incarcerated in Carthage Jail with Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith and John Taylor on June 27, 1844, when the jail was attacked by a mob and the Smith brothers were murdered. | ||
|
Name: | William Smith | |
| Born: | March 13, 1811 | ||
| Died: | November 13, 1893 (aged 82) | ||
| Positions: | Petitioner for Patriarchate (RLDS Church), called by Joseph Smith III, April 6, 1872 – November 13, 1893 3rd Presiding Patriarch (LDS Church), May 24, 1845 – October 6, 1845 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, May 25, 1839 – October 6, 1845 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, February 15, 1835 – May 4, 1839 Latter Day Saint Apostle, called by Joseph Smith, February 15, 1835 – October 6, 1845 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | August 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 22 | ||
| Notes: | Brother of Joseph Smith. Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted May 25, 1839. Was then excommunicated for apostasy on October 6, 1845. Followed James J. Strang for a time, then started his own LDS Church in Covington, Kentucky. In later years he joined the RLDS Church (now Community of Christ) and was a petitioner for RLDS Patriarchate from April 1872 to 13 November 1893. Introduced polygamy to the Strangite Mormons. His Church in Covington, Kentucky, which also disintegrated after he introduced spiritual wifery into it. He always denied he and his brother Joseph had ever practiced or taught spiritual wifery or any other form of polygamy | ||
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|
Name: | Thomas Bullock | |
| Born: | December 23, 1816 | ||
| Died: | February 10, 1885 (aged 68) | ||
| Positions: | Reporter and Member of the Council of Fifty[14], called by Brigham Young, December 25, 1846 – June 24, 1882 Clerk in the Church Historian's Office, called by Joseph Smith, c. 1843 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | January 23, 1843<[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 3 | ||
| Notes: | Bullock also was a member of the Council of Fifty and a clerk in the Church Historian's Office.[15][16] | ||
|
Name: | Orson Pratt | |
| Born: | September 19, 1811 | ||
| Died: | October 3, 1881 (aged 70) | ||
| Positions: | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, January 20, 1843 – October 3, 1881 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, April 26, 1835 – August 20, 1842 LDS Church Apostle, called by Three Witnesses, April 26, 1835 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | March 10, 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 10 | ||
| Notes: | Younger brother of Parley P. Pratt. Was excommunicated for apostasy Aug 20, 1842, but readmitted Jan 20, 1843. As a result, was given reduced seniority in Jun 1875. Last surviving member of the original Quorum. Under the direction of Brigham Young, he published The Seer. The Seer was a periodical published to defend the LDS Church's practice of polygamy. Despite William Clayton claiming in his journal, first published in 1921, that she had been told of the revelation on polygamy on July 12, 1843,[17][unreliable source?] Emma Smith, Joseph Smith's widow, claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of polygamy being attributed to her late husband was 10 years later when she read about it in Pratt's The Seer in 1853.[18] | ||
|
Name: | William Clayton | |
| Born: | July 17, 1814 | ||
| Died: | December 4, 1879 (aged 65) | ||
| Positions: | Member and Clerk of the Council of Fifty[14], called by Joseph Smith, March 11, 1844 – December 4, 1879 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 27, 1843 | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 10 | ||
| Notes: | Credited with inventing a version of the modern odometer. Smith dictated the 1843 revelation on polygamy to Clayton. (See Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy) | ||
|
Name: | Orson Hyde | |
| Born: | January 8, 1805 | ||
| Died: | November 28, 1878 (aged 73) | ||
| Positions: | President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, December 27, 1847 – April 10, 1875 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, June 27, 1839 – November 28, 1878 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, February 15, 1835 – May 4, 1839 LDS Church Apostle, called by Three Witnesses, February 15, 1835 – November 28, 1878 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 9 | ||
| Notes: | Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted June 27, 1839. As a result, was given reduced seniority on April 10, 1875. His wife Marinda married Joseph Smith in a polyandrous marriage while Hyde was on a mission to Jerusalem. | ||
|
Name: | Parley P. Pratt | |
| Born: | April 12, 1807 | ||
| Died: | May 13, 1857 (aged 50) | ||
| Positions: | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Three Witnesses, February 21, 1835 – May 13, 1857 LDS Church Apostle, called by Three Witnesses, February 21, 1835 – May 13, 1857 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | June 24, 1843[10] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 11 | ||
| Notes: | In 1857, on a farm northeast of Van Buren, Arkansas, Pratt was murdered by Hector McLean, the legal husband of one of Pratt's plural wives.[19] Pratt is buried near Alma, Arkansas. | ||
|
Name: | Amasa Lyman | |
| Born: | March 30, 1813 | ||
| Died: | February 4, 1877 (aged 63) | ||
| Positions: | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, October 6, 1845 – October 6, 1867 Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Joseph Smith, February 4, 1843 – June 27, 1844 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Joseph Smith, August 20, 1842 – January 20, 1843 Latter Day Saint Apostle, called by Joseph Smith, August 20, 1842 – October 6, 1867 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | July 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 9 | ||
| Notes: | Was temporarily removed from the Quorum of the Twelve due to the re-entry of Orson Pratt on January 20, 1843; Lyman was later readmitted on August 12, 1844. Lyman was excommunicated for apostasy on May 6, 1867. | ||
|
Name: | John Taylor | |
| Born: | November 1, 1808 | ||
| Died: | July 25, 1887 (aged 78) | ||
| Positions: | 3rd President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, October 10, 1880 – July 25, 1887 President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, April 10, 1875 – October 10, 1880 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Joseph Smith, December 19, 1838 – October 10, 1880 LDS Church Apostle, called by Joseph Smith, December 19, 1838 – July 25, 1887 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | December 12, 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 9[21] | ||
| Notes: | Was promoted to Quorum President when Orson Hyde was given reduced seniority. Had 34 children.[20] | ||
|
Name: | Edwin D. Woolley, Sr. | |
| Born: | June 28, 1807 | ||
| Died: | October 12, 1881 (aged 74) | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | 1843[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 6 | ||
| Notes: | Woolley was a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature in 1851. | ||
|
Name: | Erastus Snow | |
| Born: | November 9, 1818 | ||
| Died: | May 27, 1888 (aged 69) | ||
| Positions: | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Brigham Young, February 12, 1849 – May 27, 1888 LDS Church Apostle, called by Brigham Young, February 12, 1849 – May 27, 1888 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 2, 1844[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 16 | ||
| Notes: | Was also a member of the Council of Fifty | ||
|
Name: | John D. Lee | |
| Born: | September 12, 1812 | ||
| Died: | March 23, 1877 (aged 64) | ||
| Positions: | Member of the Council of Fifty[14], called by Brigham Young 14 March and 11 April 1844., 1844 – March 23, 1877 | ||
| Date entered polygamy: | April 19, 1844[12] | ||
| Eventual No. of wives: | 19 | ||
| Notes: | Was executed for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre. | ||
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|
Name: | Ezra T. Benson | |
| Born: | February 22, 1811 | ||
| Died: | September 3, 1869 (aged 58) | ||
| Positions: | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage|||