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As of May 2024, there have been 1,727 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity, 960 at hurricane intensity, and 333 at major hurricane intensity within the Atlantic Ocean since 1851, the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record.[1] Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity.[2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.
Tropical cyclogenesis
Most active / least active Atlantic hurricane seasons
Most Atlantic hurricane seasons prior to the weather satellite era include seven or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes. As the usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, early storm counts are less reliable. Before the advent of the airplane or means of tracking storms, the ones recorded were storms that affected mainly populated areas. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.[3]
With the advent of the satellite came better and more accurate weather tracking. The first satellites sent into space to monitor the weather were known as Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS). In 1961, Hurricane Esther was the first hurricane to be "discovered" through satellite readings.[4] Although this modern invention was now available, the systems were initially not fully active enough to provide daily images of the storms.[5] Data for the North Atlantic region remained sparse as late as 1964 due to a lack of complete satellite coverage.[6]
The most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of total storms took place in 2020, with 30 documented. The storm count for the 2020 season also includes fourteen hurricanes, of which seven strengthened to major hurricane status. On the converse, the least active season on record in terms of total storms took place in 1914. The 1914 season had just one tropical storm and no hurricanes.
| Most storms in a year | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Tropical storms | Hurricanes | ||
| Hurricanes | Major | |||
| 2020 | 30 * | 14 | 7 | |
| 2005 | 28 * | 15 | 7 | |
| 2021 | 21 * | 7 | 4 | |
| 1933 | 20 | 11 | 6 | |
| 2023 | 20 * | 7 | 3 | |
| 1887 | 19 | 11 | 2 | |
| 1995 | 19 | 11 | 5 | |
| 2010 | 19 | 12 | 5 | |
| 2011 | 19 | 7 | 4 | |
| 2012 | 19 | 10 | 2 | |
| * Includes at least one subtropical storm Source: [7] | ||||
| Fewest storms in a year | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Tropical storms | Hurricanes | ||
| Hurricanes | Major | |||
| 1914 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1930 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| 1857 | 4 | 3 | 0 | |
| 1868 | 4 | 3 | 0 | |
| 1883 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |
| 1884 | 4 | 4 | 1 | |
| 1890 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
| 1917 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| 1925 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
| 1983 | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
| Source: [7] | ||||
Earliest / latest formations for each category
Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season;[8] as of 2023 there have been 92 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being an unnamed subtropical storm in January 2023. The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012.[9] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane;[nb 1] however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8.[11] Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season,[8][11] Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27.[12] However, reanalysis[11] of 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005.[13] The earliest-forming Category 5 hurricane, Emily, reached the highest intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17, 2005.[14]
Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season.[8] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones.[11] The second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical storm and hurricane, reaching these intensities on December 30 and 31, respectively. Hurricane Alice and Tropical Storm Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[15] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December.[11] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unusual west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[16] Based on reanalysis, the devastating "Cuba" hurricane in 1932 reached Category 5 intensity on November 5, making it the latest in any Atlantic hurricane season to reach this intensity.[11][9][nb 2]
| Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical / subtropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Storm classification |
Earliest formation | Latest formation | |||||
| Season | Storm | Date reached | Season | Storm | Date reached | ||
| Tropical depression | 1900 | One[19] | January 17 | 1954 | Alice[11] | December 30[nb 3] | |
| Tropical storm | 1938 | One[11] | January 3 | 1954 | Alice[11] | December 30[nb 4] | |
| Category 1 | 1938 | One[11] | January 4 | 1954 | Alice[11] | December 31 | |
| Category 2 | 1908 | One[11] | March 7 | 2016 | Otto[11] | November 24 | |
| Category 3 | 1966 | Alma[11] | June 8 | 2016 | Otto[11] | November 24 | |
| Category 4 | 2005 | Dennis[20] | July 8 | 1999 | Lenny[11] | November 17 | |
| Category 5 | 2005 | Emily[14][21] | July 17 | 1932 | "Cuba"[17] | November 5 | |
Most tropical / subtropical storms formed in each month
The Atlantic hurricane season presently runs from June 1 through November 30 each year, with peak activity occurring between August and October. Specifically, the height of the season is in early to mid-September.[8] Tropical systems that form outside of these months are referred to as "off season", and account for roughly 3% of all storms that form in a given year.[8] All of the records included below are for the most storms that formed in a given month, as the threshold for "fewest" is zero for expected months. Cases where "fewest storms" are unusual include the months when the hurricane season is at its peak.
| Number of Atlantic tropical / subtropical storm occurrences by month of naming | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Month | |||
| Most | Season | ||
| January | 1[22] | 1938, 1951, 1978, 2016, 2023 | |
| February | 1[23] | 1952[nb 5] | |
| March | 1[24] | 1908[nb 5] | |
| April | 1[22] | 1992, 2003, 2017 | |
| May | 2[22] | 1887, 2012, 2020 | |
| June | 3[22] | 1886, 1909, 1936, 1966, 1968, 2021, 2023 | |
| July | 5[25] | 2005, 2020 | |
| August | 8[22] | 2004, 2012 | |
| September | 10[26] | 2020 | |
| October | 8[22] | 1950 | |
| November | 3[27] | 1931, 1961, 1966, 2001, 2005, 2020 | |
| December | 2[22] | 1887, 2003 | |
Earliest formation records by storm number
| Earliest and next earliest forming Atlantic tropical / subtropical storms by storm number | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Storm number |
Earliest | Next earliest | ||
| Name | Date of formation | Name | Date of formation | |
| 1 | One[11] | January 3, 1938 | One[11] | January 4, 1951 |
| 2 | Able[11] | May 16, 1951 | Two[11] | May 17, 1887 |
| 3 | Cristobal[28] | June 2, 2020 | Colin[28] | June 5, 2016 |
| 4 | Danielle[29] | June 20, 2016 | Cindy[29] | June 23, 2023[nb 6] |
| 5 | Elsa[30] | July 1, 2021 | Edouard[31] | July 6, 2020 |
| 6 | Fay[31] | July 9, 2020 | Franklin | July 21, 2005 |
| 7 | Gonzalo[32] | July 22, 2020 | Gert[32] | July 24, 2005 |
| 8 | Hanna[31] | July 24, 2020 | Harvey[31] | August 3, 2005 |
| 9 | Isaias[31] | July 30, 2020 | Irene[31] | August 7, 2005 |
| 10 | Josephine[31] | August 13, 2020 | Jose[31] | August 22, 2005 |
| 11 | Kyle[31] | August 14, 2020 | Katrina[31] | August 24, 2005 |
| 12 | Laura[31] | August 21, 2020 | Luis[31] | August 29, 1995 |
| 13 | Marco[33] | August 22, 2020 | Maria[33] | September 2, 2005[nb 7] |
| Lee[33] | September 2, 2011[nb 8] | |||
| 14 | Nana[34] | September 1, 2020 | Nate[34] | September 5, 2005 |
| 15 | Omar[35] | September 1, 2020 | Ophelia[35] | September 7, 2005[nb 9] |
| 16 | Paulette[36] | September 7, 2020 | Philippe[36] | September 17, 2005 |
| 17 | Rene[36] | September 7, 2020 | Rita[36] | September 18, 2005 |
| 18 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_deadliest_Atlantic_hurricanes||||