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Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1497–1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.[1] He also made a significant contribution to the history of book design, and produced religious art, satire, and Reformation propaganda.
Born in Augsburg, Holbein worked mainly in Basel as a young artist, painting murals and religious works and drawing designs for stained glass and printed books. He produced the occasional portrait, and made his international mark with portraits of the famous humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein produced works for reformist clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons. His late-Gothic style was influenced by artistic trends in Italy, France and the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance humanism, resulting in a combined aesthetic that was uniquely his own.
Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work, armed with a recommendation from Erasmus. He was welcomed into the humanist circle of Thomas More, where he soon built a high reputation. After returning to Basel for four years, in 1532 he resumed his career in England, where he worked for Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell, and was appointed King's Painter to Henry VIII. In this role, he produced designs for jewellery, plates, and other precious objects, as well as for festive decorations. His portraits of the king and his family and courtiers provide a vivid record of a brilliant court, during a momentous period when Henry was assuming power as the Supreme Head of the English church.
Paintings
Work | Description | Date | Medium | Size | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head of a Female Saint, attributed to Holbein[2] | c. 1515–16 | Oil and tempera on spruce wood | 23.5 × 21.5 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Head of a Male Saint, attributed to Holbein[2] | c. 1515–16 | Oil and tempera on spruce wood | 23.5 × 21.5 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of Jakob Meyer zum Hasen[3] | 1516 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 38.5 × 31 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of Dorothea Meyer, wife of Jakob Meyer zum Hasen[4] | 1516 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 38.5 × 31 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Signboard for the Schoolmaster Oswald Myconius (with Ambrosius Holbein)[5] | 1516 | Oil and tempera on pine panel | 55.5 × 65.5 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Adam and Eve[6] | 1517 | Oil and tempera on paper mounted on pine | 30.2 × 35.7 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of Benedikt von Hertenstein[7] | 1517 | Oil and tempera on paper mounted on wood | 52.4 × 38.1 cm | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | |
Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach[8] | 1519 | Oil and tempera on pine | 28.5 × 27.4 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Oberried Altarpiece, The Adoration of the Magi, left panel[9] | c 1520 | Oil and tempera on pine | 230 × 109 cm | University Chapel of the Cathedral, Freiburg im Breisgau | |
Oberried Altarpiece, The Birth of Christ, right panel[9] | c 1520 | Oil and tempera on pine | 230 × 109 cm | University Chapel of the Cathedral, Freiburg im Breisgau | |
The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb[10] | 1521–22 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 30.6 × 200 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
The Solothurn Madonna[11] | 1522 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 140.5 × 102 cm | Kunstmuseum Solothurn | |
Portrait of Johannes Froben[12] | c 1522–23 | Oil on panel | 48.8 × 32.4 cm | Royal Collection | |
Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam writing[13] | 1523 | Oil and tempera on paper mounted on pine | 36.8 × 30.5 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam writing[14] | 1523 | Oil and tempera on wood | 43 × 33 cm | Louvre, Paris | |
Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam[15] | 1523 | Oil and tempera on wood | 76 × 51 cm | National Gallery, London, on loan from Longford Castle | |
Printer's Device of Johannes Froben[16] | c 1523 | Tempera on canvas, heightened with gold | 44 × 31 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Allegory of the Old and New Law[17] | Unknown date between 1524 and 1535 | Oil and tempera on oak | 49 × 60 cm | National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh | |
The Passion altarpiece, the two left panels[18] | c. 1524–25 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 136 × 31 cm and 149.5 × 31 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
The Passion altarpiece, the two right panels[18] | 1524–25 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 149.5 × 31 cm and 136 × 31 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
The Last Supper[19] | c 1524–25 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 115.5 × 97.3 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Lais of Corinth[20] | 1526 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 34.6 × 26.8 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of a Man with a Lute[21] | c. 1526–27 | Oil and tempera on oak | 43.5 × 43.5 cm | Berlin State Museums | |
The Darmstadt Madonna (the Madonna of Jakob Meyer zum Hasen)[22] | 1526 and 1528–30 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 146.5 × 102 cm | Johanniterkirche, Schwäbisch Hall | |
Noli me Tangere[23] | Unknown date, perhaps 1526 to 1528 | Oil and tempera on oak | 76.8 × 94.9 cm | Royal Collection | |
Portrait of Sir Thomas More[24] | 1527 | Oil and tempera on oak | 74.2 × 59 cm | Frick Collection, New York | |
Portrait of William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury[25] | 1527 | Oil and tempera on oak | 82 × 67 cm | Louvre, Paris | |
Portrait of Sir Henry Guildford[26] | 1527 | Oil and tempera on oak | 82.6 × 66.4 cm | Royal Collection, Windsor Castle | |
Portrait of Mary, Lady Guildford[27] | 1527 | Oil and tempera on oak | 87 × 70.5 cm | Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis, Missouri | |
Portrait of a Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling[28] | c. 1527–28 | Oil and tempera on oak | 54 × 38.7 cm | National Gallery, London | |
Portrait of Thomas Godsalve and his son John[29] | 1528 | Oil and tempera on oak | 35 × 36 cm | Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden | |
Portrait of Nikolaus Kratzer[30] | 1528 | Oil and tempera on oak | 83 × 67 cm | Louvre, Paris | |
Portrait of the Artist's Family[31] | c. 1528–29 | Oil and tempera on paper, cut out and mounted on wood | 79.4 × 64.7 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Rehoboam, fragment of wall painting[32] | 1530 | Painting on plaster | 28 × 41.5 cm | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Miniature Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam[33] | c. 1532 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 10 cm diameter | Kunstmuseum Basel | |
Portrait of Hermann von Wedigh[34] | 1532 | Oil and tempera on wood | 42.2 × 32.4 cm | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | |
Portrait of the Merchant Georg Gisze[35] | 1532 | Oil and tempera on oak | 90.3 × 85.7 cm | Berlin State Museums | |
Portrait of Thomas Cromwell[36] | c. 1532–33 | Oil and tempera on oak | 76 × 61 cm | Frick Collection, New York | |
A Merchant of the German Steelyard: 'Hans of Antwerp'[37] | c. 1532–33 | Oil and tempera on oak | 61 × 46.8 cm | Royal Collection | |
Portrait of a Woman in a White Coif[38] | c. 1532–34 | Oil and tempera on oak | 23.4 × 18.8 cm | Detroit Institute of Arts | |
Portrait of William Reskimer[39] | c. 1532–34 | Oil and tempera on oak | 46.4 × 33.7 cm | Royal Collection, Windsor Castle | |
Miniature Portrait of Philipp Melanchthon[40] | c. 1530–1535 | Oil and tempera on oak | 9 cm diameter | Lower Saxony State Museum, Hanover | |
Miniature Portrait of a Man in a Red Cap[41] | c. 1532–35 | Oil and tempera on wood | 9.5 cm diameter | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | |
Miniature Portrait of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny[42] | c. 1532–35 | Duke of Buccleuch collection | |||
Portrait of Derich Born[43] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 60.3 × 45 cm | Royal Collection, Windsor Castle | |
Derich Born[44] | c. 1533 | Oil and tempera on red beech | 13.1 cm diameter | Alte Pinakothek, Munich | |
Portrait of Robert Cheseman[45] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 59 × 62.5 cm | Mauritshuis, The Hague | |
Portrait of Hermann Hillebrandt de Wedigh[46] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 42.1 × 32.6 cm | Gemäldegalerie, Berlin | |
Portrait of Dirk Tybis[47] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 48 × 35 cm | Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna | |
Portrait of Cyriacus Kale[48] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 60 × 44 cm | Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig | |
Double Portrait of Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve ("The Ambassadors")[49] | 1533 | Oil and tempera on oak | 207 × 209 cm | National Gallery, London | |
Portrait Miniature of a Young Man with a Pink[50][51] | 1533 | Oil on oak | 12.4 × 12.1 cm | Upton House, Bearsted Collection | |
Portrait of Sir Brian Tuke[52] | c. 1533–35 | Oil and tempera on oak | 49.1 × 38.5 cm | National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. | |
E Cosi Desio me Mena, Allegory of Love[53] | c. 1533–36 | Oil on oak in lozenge format | 45 × 45 cm | J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles | |
Miniature Portrait of a Court Official[54] | 1534 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 12 cm diameter | Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna | |
Miniature Portrait of a Court Official's Wife[54] | 1534 | Oil and tempera on limewood | 12 cm diameter | Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna | |
Portrait of Charles de Solier, Sieur de Morette[55] | 1534–35 | Oil and tempera on oak | 92.5 × 75.4 cm | Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden | |
Solomon and the Queen of Sheba[56] | c. 1534–35 | Pen and brush in bistre and grey wash, heightened in white, gold, and oxidised silver with red and green watercolour over black chalk on vellum | 22.9 × 18.2 cm | Royal Library, Windsor | |