This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page.

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This guideline covers the use of abbreviations—including acronyms and initialisms, contractions, and other shortenings—in the English Wikipedia.

Maintaining a consistent abbreviation style allows Wikipedia to be read, written, edited, and navigated more easily by readers and editors. The style should always be consistent within a page. If a guideline conflicts with the correct usage of a proper name, ignore it. Abbreviations in quotations from written sources should always be written exactly as in the source, unless it is a Wikipedia-made translation.

Always consider whether it is better to write a word or phrase out in full, thus avoiding potential confusion for those not familiar with its abbreviation. Remember that Wikipedia does not have the same space constraints as paper.

Avoid making up new abbreviations, especially acronyms. For example, "International Feline Federation" is good as a translation of Fédération Internationale Féline, but neither the anglicisation nor the reduction IFF is used by the organisation; use the original name and its official abbreviation, FIFe.

If it is necessary to abbreviate in small spaces (infoboxes, navboxes and tables), use widely recognised abbreviations. As an example, for New Zealand gross national product, use NZ and GNP, with a link if the term has not already been written out: NZ GNP; do not use the made-up initialism NZGNP).

Modern style is to use a full point (period) after a shortening (see § Shortenings for exceptions) but no full points within an acronym. In the unusual case of an acronym containing full points between letters, it should also have a full point after the final letter. If an abbreviation ending in a full point ends a sentence, do not use an extra full point (e.g. They lived near Courtyard Sq., not They lived near Courtyard Sq..).

Contractions that contain an apostrophe (don't, shouldn't, she'd) never take a period, except at the end of a sentence. They are also not used in encyclopedia content except in quotations or titles of works, as noted below. Contractions that do not contain an apostrophe almost always take a period in North American English, but not in British English when the contraction ends with the same letter as the full term: Doctor can be abbreviated Dr. in American and Canadian English, but is Dr in British English. If the dot-less usage could be confusing in the context, use the point. Exceptions are symbols of units of measurement, which never use periods (see WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers).

Do not apply initial capitals or other forms of emphasis to common-noun phrases just because capitals are used when abbreviating them:

Incorrect	(not a proper name):	uses Digital Scanning (DS) technology
Correct:		uses digital scanning (DS) technology
Correct	(proper name):	produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Similarly, when showing the source of an acronym, initialism, or syllabic abbreviation, emphasizing the letters in the expansion that make up the acronym is unnecessary and potentially distracting:

• Incorrect: FOREX (FOReign EXchange)
• Incorrect: FOREX (foreign exchange)
• Incorrect: FOREX (foreign exchange)
• Correct: FOREX (foreign exchange)

Acronyms are abbreviations formed, usually, from the initial letters of words in a phrase.

An initialism is an abbreviation formed from some or all of the initial letters of words in a phrase. An acronym is sometimes considered to be an initialism that is pronounced as a word (e.g. NATO), as distinct from an initialism pronounced as a string of individual letters (e.g. "UN" for United Nations). In this document the term acronym includes initialisms. The term word acronym can be used to refer to acronyms which are not initialisms.

Do not edit-war over these terms. When using more precise terms like word acronym and initialism, please link to Acronym § Nomenclature, where they are explained for readers.

• Capitalisation: Some acronyms are written with all capital letters, some with a mixture of capitals and lower-case letters and some are written as common nouns (e.g., laser). Acronyms of letters that are pronounced individually (initialisms) are always written in capitals (e.g., FBI). (For more guidance on the capitalisation of acronyms, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Acronyms.)
• Spacing: The letters of acronyms should not be spaced.
• Plurals: Plural acronyms are written with a lower-case s after the abbreviation, without an apostrophe, unless full points are used between the letters (e.g. ABCs or A.B.C.'s). Note that Wikipedia generally avoids using full point in upper-case acronyms.
• Emphasis: Do not apply special style, such as SMALL CAPS, to acronyms. Do not apply italics, boldfacing, underlining, or other highlighting to the letters in the expansion of an acronym that correspond to the letters in the acronym, as in BX (Base Exchange). It is not necessary to state that an acronym is an acronym. Our readers should not be browbeaten with the obvious.

If there is an article about the subject of an acronym (e.g. NATO), then other articles should use the same style (capitalisation and punctuation) as that main article. If no such article exists, then style should be resolved by considering consistent usage in source material.

Unless specified in the "Exceptions" section below, an acronym should be written out in full for the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses, e.g. maximum transmission unit (MTU) if it is used again in the article. Common exceptions are post-nominal initials, because writing them out in full would cause clutter, or for something most commonly known by its acronym, in which case the expansion can be omitted (except in the lead of its own article) or be in parentheses—e.g. according to the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency).

To save space in small spaces (see § Use sourceable abbreviations), acronyms do not need to be written out in full. When not written out in full on the first use, an acronym should be linked. An unambiguous acronym can be linked as-is, but an ambiguous acronym should be linked to its expansion. Upon re-use in a long article, the template {{abbr}} can be used to provide a mouse-over tooltip, giving the meaning of the acronym again without having to redundantly link or spell it out again. The template inserts a <abbr> tag into the page's HTML. Example: {{abbr|CIA|Central Intelligence Agency}}, giving: CIA. (This mouse-over will not work on mobile devices, which represent the majority of Wikimedia traffic.)

For partial acronyms formed using the now-rare convention of including whole short words in them, do not blindly "normalise" them to typical current style, but write each as found in the majority of modern reliable sources. Examples: "Commander-in-Chief" is generally abbreviated CinC on its own, but may appear in all-caps when used in a longer acronym (especially a US government one) like CINCFLEET and CINCAIR. The Billiard Association of America was known as BA of A; while this should not be written as unsourceable variations like BAofA or BAA, the awkwardness of the abbreviation to modern eyes can be reduced by replacing the full-width spaces with thin-space characters: BA{{thinsp}}of{{thinsp}}A or BA of A gives BA of A, which better groups the letters into a unit.

For these commonly-referred-to entities, the name does not need to be written out in full on first use, nor provided on first use in parentheses after the full name if written out.

Acronym	Expansion	Notes
EU	European Union
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UK	United Kingdom
UN	United Nations	Similarly for UN organisations such as UNESCO and UNICEF.
US or U.S.	United States	Both variants are used, but avoid mixing dotted and undotted within the same article; use "US" in articles with other national abbreviations (e.g., "UK", "UAE", "USSR"). Using United States instead of an acronym is often better formal writing style, and is an opportunity for commonality. USA, U.S.A. and U.S. of A. are generally not used except in quoted material (see WP:Manual of Style#US and U.S.).
USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ship name prefixes like HMS and USS should not be written out in full.

Abbreviations for time zones (e.g. GMT and UTC) should not be written out in full after times.

Acronyms in this table do not need to be written out in full upon first use, except in their own articles or where not doing so would cause ambiguity.

Acronym	Expansion	Notes
AD	anno Domini ("in the year of our Lord")	Should not be written out in full in dates and does not need to be linked. Do not use in the year of our Lord or any other translation of Anno Domini.
AIDS	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
a.k.a. or AKA	also known as	Should only be used in small spaces, otherwise use the full phrase. It does not need to be linked. Use the {{a.k.a.}} template on first occurrence on the page to provide a mouse-over tooltip explaining the meaning: a.k.a. Should not be written aka.
AM	amplitude modulation
am or a.m.	ante meridiem	Should not be written out in full for clock time, and does not need to be linked. It should not be written AM or A.M.
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
BC	before Christ	Should not be written out in full in dates and does not need to be linked.
BCE	Before Common Era	Should not be written out in full in dates.
CD	compact disc
CE	Common Era	Should not be written out in full in dates.
DVD	digital versatile disc (or digital video disc)	Should not be written out in full and should not be linked to its expansion.
e.g.	exempli gratia ("for example")	Should not be italicised, linked, or written out in full in normal usage.
FM	frequency modulation
HDMI	high-definition multimedia interface
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus
i.e.	id est ("that is" / "in other words")	Should not be italicised, linked, or written out in full in normal usage.
laser	light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LGBT	Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender	Is considered to be intelligible on its own, without explanation. However, editors may add a link at their own discretion the first time the term appears in an article, to clarify any potential confusion.
n/a or N/A	not applicable	Should not be written n.a., N.A., NA or na.
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
PC	personal computer	Does not need to be written out in full on first use, nor provided on first use in parentheses after the full term if written out.
pm or p.m.	post meridiem	Should not be written out in full in times and does not need to be linked. It should not be written PM or P.M.
radar	radio detection and ranging
scuba	self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
sonar	sound navigation and ranging
TV	television	Generally use "TV" in most articles except historic articles and cultural or scholarly discussions, e.g. "TV show", "TV cameras", "the effects of television on speech patterns". Do not link or explain in normal usage.
USB	universal serial bus

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Shortcuts MOS:ACROTITLE WP:NCA WP:NCACRO

Acronyms should be used in a page name if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject (e.g. NASA; in contrast, consensus has rejected moving Central Intelligence Agency to its acronym, in view of arguments that the full name is used in professional and academic publications). In general, if readers somewhat familiar with the subject are likely to only recognise the name by its acronym, then the acronym should be used as a title.

One general exception to this rule deals with our strong preference for natural disambiguation. Many acronyms are used for several things; naming a page with the full name helps to avoid clashes. For instance, multiple TV/radio broadcasting companies share the initials ABC; even though some may be far better known by that acronym, our articles on those companies are found at, for example, American Broadcasting Company rather than ABC (American TV network). A useful test to determine what an abbreviation usually refers to can be done by checking Acronym Finder or Abbreviations.com and finding the relative usage. If it is found that a particular subject is overwhelmingly denoted by an unambiguous acronym, the article title on that subject can be expressed as the acronym and a disambiguation page can be used for the other subjects.

In many cases, no decision is necessary because a given acronym has several expansions, none of which is the most prominent. Under such circumstances, an article should be named with the spelled-out phrase and the acronym should be a disambiguation page providing descriptive links to all of them. See, for example, AJAR, which disambiguates between African Journal of AIDS Research and Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. A title like AJAR (African journal) should be avoided if at all possible. If the acronym and the full name are both in common use, both pages should exist, with one (usually the abbreviation) redirecting to the other or being a disambiguation page.

To save space, acronyms should be used as disambiguators, when necessary. For example, "Georgia (U.S. state)", "Great Northern Railway (U.S.)" and "Labour Party (UK)". The abbreviations are preferred over United States and United Kingdom, for brevity. In running text, more natural wording is often better ("the US state of Georgia", "US-based Great Northern Railway", "the Labour Party of the UK"), though this may depend on context.

To help navigation to article titles with these United States abbreviations, please create a redirect that contains (U.S.) or (US) as needed. For example, "Great Northern Railway (US)" should redirect to "Great Northern Railway (U.S.)" (or the other way around). Wikipedia does not use USA, except in proper names and in standardized codes (e.g. FIFA's) that use it.

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