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| Gaokao | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 普通高等學校招生全國統一考試 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Higher Exam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 高考 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Nationwide Unified Examination for Admissions to General Universities and Colleges (普通高等学校招生全国统一考试), commonly abbreviated as Gaokao (高考; 'Higher Exam'), is the annual national undergraduate admission exam of China, held in early June. The exam is held by provincial governments under directions from the Ministry of Education and is required for undergraduate admissions to all higher education institutions in the country. The Gaokao is taken by high school seniors at the end of their final year.
The Gaokao lasts approximately nine hours for a period of two or three days, depending on the provincial administrative regions where it is held. All students must take exams on Chinese and mathematics. Candidates can choose one subject from English, French, Japanese, Russian, German, or Spanish for the foreign language portion of the exam, with most students selecting English. Students must also choose between either the Arts track (文科倾向) or the Science track (理科倾向). Students who choose the Arts track receive further testing in History, Political Science, and Geography (文科综合), while those who choose the Science track are tested in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (理科综合).
The overall score received by the student is a weighted sum of their subject marks. The maximum possible score varies from year to year and from province to province, although it is usually 750. Generally, the exam takes place from 7 to 8 June every year, though in some provinces it can last for an extra day.[1] The Gaokao has been delayed on rare occasions, most notably due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[2][3]
History
Background
The first Gaokao was held on 15-17 August 1952.[4]
The unified national tertiary entrance examination marked the start of the reform of National Matriculation Tests Policies (NMTP) in the newly established People's Republic of China. With the implementation of the first Five Year Plan in 1953, the NMTP was further enhanced. After repeated discussions and experiments, the NMTP was eventually set as a fundamental policy system in 1959. From 1958, the tertiary entrance examination system was affected by the Great Leap Forward Movement. Unified recruitment was soon replaced by separate recruitment by individual or allied tertiary education institutions. Meanwhile, political censorship on candidate students was enhanced. From 1962, the NMTP system was criticized due to its negative impact on the working class; In July 1966, the NMTP was officially canceled and substituted with a new admission policy of recommending workers, farmers and soldiers to college.[5] During the next ten years, the Down to the Countryside Movement, initiated by Mao Zedong, forced both senior and junior secondary school graduates, the so-called "intellectual youths", to work as farmers in countryside villages. Against the backdrop of world revolution, millions of such young people joined the ranks of farmers, working and living alongside them.[citation needed]
In the early 1970s, Mao Zedong resumed the operation of universities. However, new students were selected through evaluation by a revolutionary committee rather than through formal academic scores. This practice continued until the death of Mao in September 1976. In late 1977, Deng Xiaoping, then under Hua Guofeng, the heir apparent of Mao, officially resumed traditional examinations based on academics, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, which has continued to the present day.[citation needed]
The first such examination after the Cultural Revolution took place in late 1977. There was no limit on the age or official educational background of examinees. Consequently, most of the hopefuls who had accumulated during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution and many others who simply wanted to try their luck took the examination. The youngest were in their early teens and the oldest were in their late thirties. The examinations took place in the winter of 1977, and the exam questions were designed by each province individually. A total number of 5.7 million candidates took the national college entrance exam. Initially, only 200,000 people were to be admitted to college. Although the Ministry of Education eventually expanded enrollment, with admissions being granted to a total number of 272,971 students, the admission rate of 4.8% was the lowest in the history of the PRC.[6] These students are known as the Class of 1977.
Starting from 1978, the examination was uniformly designed by the Ministry of Education and all the students across the country took identical examinations.[citation needed]
However, reforms on the content and structure of the exam persisted, with one of the most salient issues being agency for individual provinces to customize their own exams. The Ministry of Education allowed the College Enrollment Office of Shanghai to employ an independent exam in 1985, which was the beginning of the provincial proposition. In the same year, Guangdong was permitted to adopt an independent proposition. Beginning from 2003, Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were allowed to adopt independent propositions. Since then, 16 provinces and municipalities have adopted customized exams.[citation needed]
Although today's admission rate is much higher than in 1977, 1978 and before the 1990s, it is still fairly low compared to the availability of higher education in the Western world. Consequently, the examination is highly competitive, causing prospective examinees and their families to experience enormous pressure. For the majority of examinees, the exam is a watershed that divides two dramatically different lives.[citation needed]
In 1970, less than 1% of Chinese people had attended higher education, and less than 1/1000 of the population of China was admitted to universities. In the 1970s, 70% of students who were recommended to attend university had political backgrounds reflecting the political nature of university selection at the time. At the same time, the undergraduate course system reduced the time from 4 years to 3 years. According to incomplete statistics, from 1966 to 1977, institutions of higher learning recruited 940,000 people who belonged to the worker-peasant-soldier group.[citation needed]
For most provinces, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination is held once a year; however, some provinces hold examinations twice a year, with the additional exam referred to as the Spring Entrance Examination. Prior to 2003, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination took place in July every year. It now takes place every June. This move was made in consideration of the adverse effects of hot weather on students living in southern China and possible flooding during the rainy season in July. Partial Provincial administrative units determine the schedule of the exams on the 7th and 8th June.[citation needed]
Under the Xi Jinping administration, some provinces have instituted reforms to eliminate extra points for ethnic minorities and students who exhibited "ideological and political correctness."[7] Extra point schemes have been retained for Taiwanese students in an effort to lure them to mainland universities.[7]
2006 Gaokao
In 2006, a record high of 9.5 million people applied for tertiary education entry in China. Of these, 8.8 million (93%) took the national entrance exam and 27,600 (0.28%) were exempted (保送) if the students demonstrate exceptional merit in the quality of their work and understanding of the academic subject. Out of the 9.5 million applicants, 5,460,500 (57.48%) were admitted to universities or colleges. Everyone else (700,000 students) took other standardized entrance exams, such as those designed for adult education students.[citation needed]
2017 Gaokao
In 2017, 9.40 million students took the Gaokao, 7 million of whom were admitted into colleges and/or universities.[8] The percentage of first-class admission (Yi Ben (一本), deemed as good universities in China) varied from 9.48% to 30.5%,[9] with the lowest admission rates in Henan province and Shanxi province, at less than 10%.[citation needed]
Below are the changes of the exam scope in 2017 from 2016 (in most areas of China, where the students use the Nationwide Exam Papers in Gaokao):
Chinese
- All the exam contents are set into compulsory examination scope.
Mathematics
- Elective Course 4-1 (Selection of Geometric Proof) is removed from the elective examination scope.
Foreign Language
- No changes.
Physics
- Elective Course 3-5 is changed from the elective examination scope into the compulsory examination scope.
Chemistry
- Elective Course 2 (Chemistry and Technology) is removed from the elective examination scope.
Biology
- Topic 3 (Tissue Culture Technology of Plants) is removed from the elective examination scope of Elective Course 1 (Biotechnology Practice).
Politics
- No changes.
History
- Elective Course 2 (Democratic Thought and Practice in Modern Society) is removed from the elective examination scope.
Geography
- Elective Course 5 (Natural Disasters and Prevention) is removed from the elective examination scope.
2018 Gaokao
9.75 million students attended Gaokao on 7-8 June with 7,909,900 or 81.13% being successful in being admitted to colleges or universities.[8]
Acceptance rate for each year
Source:[10]
The number of higher education institutes in the People's Republic of China has risen annually since 1977. From 1999 to 2020, the number of institutes increased dramatically from 1,071 to 2,740,[11] which significantly contributed to the rapid growth in the number of NCEE examinees and accepted students.
| Year | Number of examinees | Accepted students | Acceptance rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | 5,700,000 | 270,000 | 4.74% |
| 1978 | 6,100,000 | 402,000 | 6.59% |
| 1979 | 4,680,000 | 280,000 | 5.98% |
| 1980 | 3,330,000 | 280,000 | 8.41% |
| 1981 | 2,590,000 | 280,000 | 10.81% |
| 1982 | 1,870,000 | 320,000 | 17.11% |
| 1983 | 1,670,000 | 390,000 | 23.35% |
| 1984 | 1,640,000 | 480,000 | 29.27% |
| 1985 | 1,760,000 | 620,000 | 35.23% |
| 1986 | 1,910,000 | 570,000 | 29.84% |
| 1987 | 2,280,000 | 620,000 | 27.19% |
| 1988 | 2,720,000 | 670,000 | 24.63% |
| 1989 | 2,660,000 | 600,000 | 22.56% |
| 1990 | 2,830,000 | 610,000 | 21.55% |
| 1991 | 2,960,000 | 620,000 | 20.95% |
| 1992 | 3,030,000 | 750,000 | 24.75% |
| 1993 | 2,860,000 | 980,000 | 34.27% |
| 1994 | 2,510,000 | 900,000 | 35.86% |
| 1995 | 2,530,000 | 930,000 | 36.76% |
| 1996 | 2,410,000 | 970,000 | 40.25% |
| 1997 | 2,780,000 | 1,000,000 | 35.97% |
| 1998 | 3,200,000 | 1,083,600 | 33.86% |
| 1999 | 2,880,000 | 1,596,800 | 55.44% |
| 2000 | 3,750,000 | 2,206,100 | 58.83% |
| 2001 | 4,540,000 | 2,682,800 | 59.09% |
| 2002 | 5,100,000 | 3,205,000 | 62.84% |
| 2003 | 6,130,000 | 3,821,700 | 62.34% |
| 2004 | 7,290,000 | 4,473,400 | 61.36% |
| 2005 | 8,770,000 | 5,044,600 | 57.52% |
| 2006 | 9,500,000 | 5,460,500 | 57.48% |
| 2007 | 10,100,000 | 5,659,200 | 56.03% |
| 2008 | 10,500,000 | 6,076,600 | 57.87% |
| 2009 | 10,200,000 | 6,394,900 | 62.70% |
| 2010 | 9,460,000 | 6,617,600 | 69.95% |
| 2011 | 9,330,000 | 6,815,000 | 73.04% |
| 2012 | 9,150,000 | 6,888,300 | 75.28% |
| 2013 | 9,120,000 | 6,998,300 | 76.74% |
| 2014 | 9,390,000 | 7,214,000 | 76.83% |
| 2015 | 9,420,000 | 7,378,500 | 78.33% |
| 2016 | 9,400,000 | 7,486,100 | 79.64% |
| 2017 | 9,400,000 | 7,614,900 | 81.01% |
| 2018 | 9,750,000 | 7,909,900 | 81.13% |
| 2019 | 10,310,000 | 9,149,000 | 88.74% |
| 2020 | 10,710,000 | 9,675,000 | 90.34% |
| 2021 | 10,780,000 | 10,013,200 | 92.89% |
| 2022 | 11,930,000 | 10,145,400 | 85.04% |
| 2023 | 12,910,000 | 10,970,000 | 84.97% |
| 2024 | 13,420,000 | - | - |
| Province | Chinese | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing | 北京 | 58,000 | 54,728 | 51,738 | 49,225 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=National_College_Entrance_Examination