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Shaivism |
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Hinduism portal |
Tirumurai | ||
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The twelve volumes of Tamil Śaiva hymns of the sixty-three Nayanars | ||
Parts | Name | Author |
1,2,3 | Thirukadaikkappu | Sambandar |
4,5,6 | Thevaram | Thirunavukkarasar |
7 | Thirupaatu | Sundarar |
8 | Thiruvasakam & Thirukkovaiyar |
Manickavasagar |
9 | Thiruvisaippa & Tiruppallaandu |
Various |
10 | Thirumandhiram | Thirumular |
11 | Various | |
12 | Periya Puranam | Sekkizhar |
Paadal Petra Sthalam | ||
Paadal Petra Sthalam | ||
Rajaraja I | ||
Nambiyandar Nambi |
The Paadal Petra Sthalam (Tamil: பாடல் பெற்ற தலங்கள்), also known as Tevara Sthalam, are 276[1] temples that are revered in the verses of Shaiva Nayanars in the 6th-9th century CE. The Divya Desams by comparison are the 108 Vishnu temples glorified in the poems of the contemporary Vaishnava Alvars of Tamil Nadu, India.
Tevaram
Tevaram literally means, "garland of divine songs" and refers to the collection of verses sung in praise of Shiva, the supreme god of the Shaivite sect of Hinduism, by three Tamil poets known as Shaiva Kuruvars - Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar.[2] The three are considered the primary three among the sixty-three Nayanars. The former two lived during the 7th century CE while the latter around the 8th century CE. All songs in Tevaram are believed to be in sets of ten songs, called patikam in Tamil. Some musical experts consider Tevaram as a divine musical form.[3] There is a common view that Sanskritisation of names of the temples are carried out in later period that superseded the names mentioned in Tevaram - some of the common examples are Chidambaram as against Tillai in Tevaram and Kumbakonam as against Kudanthai.[4]
The 275 temples that are mentioned in Tevaram are referred as the Paadal Petra Sthalam, meaning the temples that were sung in the verses. On the contrary, Vaippu Sthalam are temples that were mentioned casually in the songs of the text. In modern times, the verses of the Tevaram are sung daily and during the festive occasions in most Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu by musicians called Odhuvars.[5]
Thiruvasagam
Manikkavacakar is considered the 4th in the line of Shaiva Kuravars, whose verses are classified as Thiruvasagam. There is a saying that "Thiruvasagathuku urugar, oru vasagathukum orugar" meaning the person who does not budge for thiruvasagam won't budge for anything else.[citation needed]
Description
There are around 276 temples that are revered by the verses of Shaiva Nayanmars and are amongst the greatest Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu.[1] 267 temples in Tamil Nadu, 2 temples in Andhra pradesh, 1 temple in kerala, 1 temple in karnataka, 2 temples in Uttarakhand, 2 temples in Sri Lanka, 1 temple in Nepal, and Tirukailayam in Mount Kailash. The list is as shown below.
Pancha Bhuta Sthalams
This refers to the temples that are the manifestations of the five elements of the universe according to Hinduism: land, water, air, sky, and fire.
Category | Temple | Location |
Land | Ekambareswarar Temple | Kanchipuram |
Fire | Arunachaleshwarar Temple | Thiruvannamalai |
Water | Thiruvanaikaval | Trichy |
Sky | Chidambaram Temple | Chidambaram |
Air | Sri Kalahastheeswara Swami Temple | Kalahasthi, Andhra Pradesh |
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Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram (Land)
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Thiruvanaikaval temple, Trichy (Water)
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Chidambaram temple, Chidambaram (Sky)
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Kalahsti Temple (Air)
Pancha Sabhai Sthalams
This is a category temples where Shiva is believed to have performed his cosmic dance called the tandava.
Category | Temple | Location | Element |
Rathinachabai | Vada aaranyeswarar Temple | Thiruvalangadu | Emerald |
Porchabai | Natarajar Temple | Chidambaram | Gold |
Vellichabai | Meenakshi Amman Temple | Madurai | Silver |
Thamirachabai | Nellaiappar Temple | Tirunelveli | Copper |
Chithirachabai | Kutralanathar Temple | Thirukutralam | Art |
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Thirukutralam
Ashta Veerattam Sthalams
This category includes eight temples where Shiva is believed to have vanquished his foe. The eight temples are in 1. Thiruvadhikai 2. Thirukoyilur 3. Thirukkadayur 4. Vazhoovur 5. Thirukkurakaval ( kurukkai ) 6. Thiruppaliyalur 7. Thirukandiyur 8. Thiruvirkudi.