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The units of measurement of ancient Rome were generally consistent and well documented.
Length
The basic unit of Roman linear measurement was the pes (plural: pedes) or Roman foot. Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes back at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his Discourse on the Romane foot. Greaves visited Rome in 1639, and measured, among other things, the foot measure on the tomb of Titus Statilius Aper, that on the statue of Cossutius formerly in the gardens of Angelo Colocci, the congius of Vespasian previously measured by Villalpandus, a number of brass measuring-rods found in the ruins of Rome, the paving-stones of the Pantheon and many other ancient Roman buildings, and the distance between the milestones on the Appian Way. He concluded that the Cossutian foot was the "true" Roman foot, and reported these values compared to the iron standard of the English foot in the Guildhall in London[1]
Source | Reported value in English feet |
Metric equivalent |
---|---|---|
Foot on the statue of Cossutius | 0.967 | 295 mm |
Foot on the monument of Statilius | 0.972 | 296 mm |
Foot of Villalpandus, derived from Congius of Vespasian | 0.986 | 301 mm |
William Smith (1851) gives a value of 0.9708 English feet, or about 295.9 mm.[2] An accepted modern value is 296 mm.[3] That foot is also called the pes monetalis to distinguish it from the pes Drusianus (about 333 or 335 mm) sometimes used in some provinces, particularly Germania Inferior.[4][5]
The Roman foot was sub-divided either like the Greek pous into 16 digiti or fingers; or into 12 unciae or inches. Frontinus writes in the 1st century AD that the digitus was used in Campania and most parts of Italy.[6] The principal Roman units of length were:
Roman unit | English name |
Equal to |
Metric equivalent |
Imperial equivalent |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
digitus | finger | 1⁄16 pes | 18.5 mm | 0.728 in 0.0607 ft |
|
uncia pollex |
inch thumb |
1⁄12 pes | 24.6 mm | 0.971 in 0.0809 ft |
|
palmus (minor) | palm | 1⁄4 pes | 74 mm | 0.243 ft | |
palmus maior | palm length (lit."greater palm") | 3⁄4 pes | 222 mm | 0.728 ft | in late times |
pes (plural: pedes) | (Roman) foot | 1 pes | 296 mm | 0.971 ft | sometimes distinguished as the pes monetalis[a] |
palmipes | foot and a palm | 1+1⁄4 pedes | 370 mm | 1.214 ft | |
cubitum | cubit | 1+1⁄2 pedes | 444 mm | 1.456 ft | |
gradus pes sestertius |
step | 2+1⁄2 pedes | 0.74 m | 2.427 ft | |
passus | pace | 5 pedes | 1.48 m | 4.854 ft | |
decempeda pertica |
perch | 10 pedes | 2.96 m | 9.708 ft | |
actus (length) | 120 pedes | 35.5 m | 116.496 ft | 24 passus or 12 decembeda | |
stadium | stade | 625 pedes | 185 m | 607.14 ft | 600 Greek feet or 125 passus or 1⁄8 mille[7] |
mille passus mille passuum |
(Roman) mile | 5,000 pedes | 1.48 km | 4,854 ft 0.919 mi |
1000 passus or 8 stadia |
leuga leuca |
(Gallic) league | 7,500 pedes | 2.22 km | 7,281 ft 1.379 mi |
|
Except where noted, based on Smith (1851).[2] English and metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 pes = 0.9708 English feet and 296 mm respectively. |
Other units include the schoenus (from the Greek for "rush rope") used for the distances in Isidore of Charax's Parthian Stations (where it had a value around 5 km or 3 miles)[8][9] and in the name of the Nubian land of Triacontaschoenus between the First and Second Cataracts on the Nile (where it had a value closer to 10.5 km or 6+1⁄2 miles).[10][11]
Area
The ordinary units of measurement of area were:
Roman unit | English name |
Equal to |
Metric equivalent |
Imperial equivalent |
Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pes quadratus | square foot | 1 pes qu. | 0.0876 m2 | 0.943 sq ft | |
scrupulum or decempeda quadrata | 100 pedes qu. | 8.76 m2 | 94.3 sq ft | the square of the standard 10-foot measuring rod | |
actus simplex | 480 pedes qu. | 42.1 m2 | 453 sq ft | 4 × 120 pedes[12] | |
uncia | 2,400 pedes qu. | 210 m2 | 2,260 sq ft | ||
clima | 3,600 pedes qu. | 315 m2 | 3,390 sq ft | 60 × 60 pedes[12] | |
actus quadratus or acnua | 14,400 pedes qu. | 1,262 m2 | 13,600 sq ft | also called arpennis in Gaul[12] | |
jugerum | 28,800 pedes qu. | 2,523 m2 | 27,200 sq ft 0.623 acres |
||
heredium | 2 jugera | 5,047 m2 | 54,300 sq ft 1.248 acres |
||
centuria | 200 jugera | 50.5 ha | 125 acres | formerly 100 jugera[12] | |
saltus | 800 jugera | 201.9 ha | 499 acres | ||
modius | 16 ha | 40 acres | Medieval Latin, plural modii[13] | ||
Except where noted, based on Smith (1851).[2] Metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 pes = 296 mm. |
Other units of area described by Columella in his De Re Rustica include the porca of 180 × 30 Roman feet (about 473 m2 or 5,090 sq ft) used in Hispania Baetica and the Gallic candetum or cadetum of 100 feet[clarification needed] in the city or 150 in the country. Columella also gives uncial divisions of the jugerum, tabulated by the anonymous translator of the 1745 Millar edition as follows:
Roman unit |
Roman square feet |
Fraction of jugerum |
Metric equivalent |
Imperial equivalent |
Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dimidium scrupulum | 50 | 1⁄576 | 4.38 m2 | 47.1 sq ft | |
scrupulum | 100 | 1⁄288 | 8.76 m2 | 94.3 sq ft | |
duo scrupula | 200 | 1⁄144 | 17.5 m2 | 188 sq ft | |
sextula | 400 | 1⁄72 | 35.0 m2 | 377 sq ft | |
sicilicus | 600 | 1⁄48 | 52.6 m2 | 566 sq ft | |
semiuncia | 1,200 | 1⁄24 | 105 m2 | 1,130 sq ft | |
uncia | 2,400 | 1⁄12 | 210 m2 | 2,260 sq ft | |
sextans | 4,800 | 1⁄6 | 421 m2 | 4,530 sq ft | |
quadrans | 7,200 | 1⁄4 | 631 m2 | 6,790 sq ft | |
triens | 9,600 | 1⁄3 | 841 m2 | 9,050 sq ft | |
quincunx | 12,000 | 5⁄12 | 1,051 m2 | 11,310 sq ft | |
semis | 14,400 | 1⁄2 | 1,262 m2 | 15,380 sq ft | = actus quadratus[2] |
septunx | 16,800 | 7⁄12 | 1,472 m2 | 15,840 sq ft | |
bes | 19,200 | 2⁄3 | 1,682 m2 | 18,100 sq ft | |
dodrans | 21,600 | 3⁄4 | 1,893 m2 | 20,380 sq ft | |
dextans | 24,000 | 5⁄6 | 2,103 m2 | 22,640 sq ft | |
deunx | 26,400 | 11⁄12 | 2,313 m2 | 24,900 sq ft | |
jugerum | 28,800 | 1 | 2,523 m2 | 27,160 sq ft
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Roman_units_of_volume Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
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