This article is missing information about Scheduled Tribes. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2023)

The Scheduled Castes^[1] and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India.^[2] The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories.^[3]: 3 For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes.^[3]: 2

In modern literature, many castes under the Scheduled Castes category are sometimes referred to as Dalit, meaning "broken" or "dispersed" for the untouchables.^[5][6] The term having been popularised by the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar during the independence struggle.^[5] Ambedkar preferred the term Dalit over Gandhi's term Harijan, meaning "people of Hari" (lit. 'Man of God').^[5] Similarly, the Scheduled Tribes are often referred to as Adivasi (earliest inhabitants), Vanvasi (inhabitants of forest) and Vanyajati (people of forest). However, the Government of India refrains from using derogatory and anthropologically incorrect ^{[further explanation needed]} terms. Instead, it uses the terms Anusuchit Jati and Anusuchit Janjati, as defined by the Constitution of India, for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[7][8] In September 2018, the government "issued an advisory to all private satellite channels asking them to refrain from using the derogatory nomenclature 'Dalit', though rights groups and intellectuals have come out against any shift from 'Dalit' in popular usage".^[9]

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to the 2011 census).^[10][11] The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 28 states in its First Schedule,^[12] and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.^[13]

Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes and the Constitution lays down the general principles of positive discrimination for SCs and STs.^{[14][15]: 35, 137} 

Scheduled Castes

As per Article 366 (24) of Constitution of India the Scheduled Castes is defined as:^[16]

Such castes, races or tribes or part of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under Article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purpose of this constitution.

Scheduled Tribes

As per Article 366 (25) of Constitution of India the Scheduled Tribes is defined as:^[17][16]

Such tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to the Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.

Article 341

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause of any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.^[16]

Article 342

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.^[16]

In a broader sense, the term 'Scheduled' refers to the legal list of specific castes and tribes of the states and union territories, as enacted in the Constitution of India, with the purpose of social justice by ensuring social security, and providing adequate representation in education, employment, and governance to promote their upliftment and integration into mainstream society.^[18][19][20] The process of including and excluding communities, castes, or tribes to/from the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes adheres to certain silent criteria and procedures established by the Lokur committee in 1965.^[21][22] For Scheduled Castes (SCs), the criteria involve extreme social, educational, and economic backwardness resulting from the practice of untouchability.^[23] On the other hand, Scheduled Tribes (STs) are identified based on indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the larger community, and overall backwardness.^[23] The scheduling process refers back to the definitions of communities used in the colonial census along with modern anthropological study and is guided by Article 341 and 342. Per the first clause of Article 341 and 342, the list of Scheduled communities is subject to specific state and union territory, with area restrictions to districts, subdistricts, and tehsils.^{[24][25][26][27]} Furthermore, members of Scheduled Communities are entitled based on religious criteria: Scheduled Castes must be adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism,^[28] whereas Scheduled Tribes can belong to any religion to be recognized as Scheduled.^[29][18]

The evolution of the lower caste into the modern-day Scheduled Castes is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj.^[30][31] The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities.^[30] Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables^[32] who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system.^[33][34]

Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.^[35]

In 1935, the UK Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, parts of groups within castes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".^[3] This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces.^[3]

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950^[36] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,^[37] respectively. Which are derived from colonial list and first updated in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956. Furthermore, independent India's quest for inclusivity was incident through the appointment of B. R. Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee for the Constitution. Ambedkar was a scheduled caste constitutional lawyer, a member of the low caste.^[38] After 15 years since the first amendment listing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the government adopted updated criteria for inclusion and exclusion based on the Lokur committee report of 1965.^[22]

States wise population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 2011 census^[39][40]

State and Union Territories	Total population of the State and Union Territories	Scheduled Castes				Scheduled Tribes
		No. of notified communities[41] (as of October 2017)	Total population	Pct. of Total Scheduled Castes	Pct. of State and UT population	No. of notified communities[41] (as of December 2017)	Total population	Pct. of Total Scheduled Tribes	Pct. of State and UT population
Andhra Pradesh (incl. Telangana)	84,580,777	AP: 61 TN: 59	13,878,078	6.89	16.41	AP: 34 TN: 32	5,918,073	5.66	7
Arunachal Pradesh	1,383,727	0	—	—	—	16	951,821	0.91	68.79
Assam	31,205,576	16	2,231,321	1.11	7.15	29	3,884,371	3.72	12.45
Bihar	104,099,452	23	16,567,325	8.23	15.91	32	1,336,573	1.28	1.28
Chhattisgarh	25,545,198	44	3,274,269	1.63	12.82	42	7,822,902	7.48	30.62
Goa	1,458,545	5	25,449	0.01	1.74	8	149,275	0.14	10.23
Gujarat	60,439,692	36	4,074,447	2.02	6.74	32	8,917,174	8.53	14.75
Haryana	25,351,462	37	5,113,615	2.54	20.17	0	—	—	—
Himachal Pradesh	6,864,602	57	1,729,252	0.86	25.19	10	392,126	0.38	5.71
Jharkhand	32,988,134	22	3,985,644	1.98	12.08	32	8,645,042	8.27	26.21
Karnataka	61,095,297	101	10,474,992	5.2	17.15	50	4,248,987	4.06	6.95
Kerala	33,406,061	69	3,039,573	1.51	9.1	43	484,839	0.46	1.45
Madhya Pradesh	72,626,809	48	11,342,320	5.63	15.62	46	15,316,784	14.65	21.09
Maharashtra	112,374,333	59	13,275,898	6.59	11.81	47	10,510,213	10.05	9.35
Manipur	2,855,794	7	97,328	0.05	3.41	34	1,167,422	1.12	40.88
Meghalaya	2,966,889	16	17,355	0.01	0.58	17	2,555,861	2.44	86.15
Mizoram	1,097,206	16	1,218	0	0.11	15	1,036,115	0.99	94.43
Nagaland	1,978,502	0	—	—	—	5	1,710,973	1.64	86.48
Odisha	41,974,218	95	7,188,463	3.57	17.13	62	9,590,756	9.17	22.85
Punjab	27,743,338	39	8,860,179	4.4	31.94	0	—	—	—
Rajasthan	68,548,437	59	12,221,593	6.07	17.83	12	9,238,534	8.84	13.48
Sikkim	610,577	4	28,275	0.01	4.63	4	206,360	0.2	33.8
Tamil Nadu	72,147,030	76	14,438,445	7.17	20.01	36	794,697	0.76	1.1
Tripura	3,673,917	34	654,918	0.33	17.83	19	1,166,813	1.12	31.76
Uttar Pradesh	199,812,341	66	41,357,608	20.54	20.7	15	1,134,273	1.08	0.57
Uttarakhand	10,086,292	65	1,892,516	0.94	18.76	5	291,903	0.28	2.89
West Bengal	91,276,115	60	21,463,270	10.66	23.51	40	5,296,953	5.07	5.8
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	380,581	0	—	—	—	6	28,530	0.03	7.5
Chandigarh	1,055,450	36	199,086	0.1	18.86	0	—	—	—
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	343,709	4	6,186	0	1.8	7	178,564	0.17	51.95
Daman and Diu	243,247	5	6,124	0	2.52	5	15,363	0.01	6.32
Jammu and Kashmir	12,541,302	13	924,991	0.46	7.38	12	1,493,299	1.43	11.91
Lakshadweep	64,473	0	—	—	—	native pop.	61,120	0.06	94.8
Delhi	16,787,941	36	2,812,309	1.4	16.75	0	—	—	—
Puducherry	1,247,953	16	196,325	0.1	15.73	0	—	—	—
India	1,210,854,977	1,284*	201,378,372	100	16.63	747*	104,545,716	100	8.63

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Scheduled_tribes
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State wise religion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 2011 census^[46]

States and Union Territories	Scheduled Caste			Scheduled Tribe
	Hindu	Sikh	Buddhist	Hindu	Muslim	Christian	Sikh	Buddhist	Jain	Others	Religion not stated
Andhra Pradesh (incl. Telangana)	13,848,473	2,053	27,552	5,808,126	28,586	57,280	890	608	644	810	21,129
Arunachal Pradesh	—	—	—	97,629	3,567	389,507	245	96,391	441	358,663	5,378
Assam	2,229,445	1,335	541	3,349,772	13,188	495,379	387	7,667	424	12,039	5,515
Bihar	16,563,145	1,595	2,585	1,277,870	11,265	32,523	150	252	123	10,865	3,525
Chhattisgarh	3,208,726	1,577	63,966	6,933,333	8,508	385,041	620	1,078	312	488,097	5,913
Goa	25,265	7	177	99,789	531	48,783	20	62	18	12	60
Gujarat	4,062,061	1,038	11,348	8,747,349	34,619	120,777	1,262	1,000	1,266	3,412	7,489
Haryana	4,906,560	204,805	2,250	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Himachal Pradesh	1,709,634	15,939	3,679	307,914	37,208	275	294	45,998	54	23	360
Jharkhand	3,983,629	669	1,346	3,245,856	18,107	1,338,175	984	2,946	381	4,012,622	25,971
Karnataka	10,418,989	2,100	53,903	4,171,265	44,599	12,811	802	472	1,152	665	17,221