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Timeline of the Tang dynasty
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This is a timeline of the Tang dynasty. Information on areas and events relevant to the Tang dynasty such as the Wu Zhou interregnum, when Wu Zetian established her own dynasty, and other realms such as the Sui dynasty, Tibetan Empire, Nanzhao, the Three Kingdoms of Korea, Japan, and steppe nomads are also included where necessary.
7th Century
610s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 617 | Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate aids Li Yuan in his rebellion against the Sui dynasty[1] | |
| 618 | 11 April | Emperor Yang of Sui is killed by strangulation in a coup led by his general Yuwen Huaji in Jiangdu[2] |
| 12 June | Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu of Tang - note that Tang emperor naming convention uses the posthumous Temple Name) deposes Yang You and founds the Tang dynasty; so ends the Sui dynasty[2] | |
| 29 November | Battle of Qianshuiyuan: Li Shimin defeats pretender Xue Rengao and his short lived state of Qin | |
| 619 | Wang Bo (王薄) and Du Fuwei surrender to Tang[3][4] | |
| Some of the most powerful independent forces include Wang Shichong in Luoyang, Liu Wuzhou in north Shanxi, Dou Jiande in Hebei, and Shen Faxing in the south[2] | ||
| Yuwen Huaji is killed by Dou Jiande[2] |
620s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 620 | Li Shimin defeats Liu Wuzhou[2] | |
| 621 | 28 May | Battle of Hulao: Tang forces defeat the warlord Dou Jiande and he is captured by Li Shimin[2] |
| Tang forces defeat Wang Shichong and take Luoyang[2] | ||
| Dou Jiande's general Liu Heita rebels[2] | ||
| 622 | Rebel Li Zitong tries to flee from Chang'an but is arrested and executed[5] | |
| Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[6] | ||
| 623 | Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu: Chai Shao defeats a Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu[7] | |
| Li Jiancheng defeats Liu Heita; Liu Heita is captured and killed[2] | ||
| Fu Gongshi declares himself emperor in Danyang, Jiangsu (Nanjing)[2] | ||
| 624 | Fu Gongshi is killed; Tang forces conquer the south[2] | |
| Zu Yong Diao tax system is implemented[2] | ||
| Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and his nephew Tölis Qaghan (Ashina Shibobi) invade the Tang dynasty but Li Shimin contacts Tölis and persuades him not to attack, forcing the invasion to a halt[8][2] | ||
| 625 | Eastern Turkic Khaganate launches repeated raids in northern frontier areas; some raids reach as far south as Shanxi; largest one was directed by Illig Qaghan against Shuozhou (in north Shanxi) but is repulsed[2] | |
| 626 | 2 July | Xuanwu Gate Incident: Li Shimin kills his brothers the crown prince Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji at Chang'an[2] |
| 4 September | Emperor Gaozu of Tang is forced into retirement and Li Shimin becomes emperor (Taizong)[2] | |
| Autumn | Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate raids to within a few miles of Chang'an and withdraws after Emperor Taizong of Tang agrees to a payment of tribute.[2] | |
| 627 | A large number of prefectures and counties are combined or abolished; the Ten Circuits are introduced[2] | |
| Tang dynasty and Uyghur forces engage in battle with the Turks and Tibetans[9][10] | ||
| 628 | 3 June | Rebel Liang Shidu dies from assassination[2] |
| 629 | Buddhist monk Xuanzang sets off for the west[2] |
630s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 630 | Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks: Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Li Jing of the Tang dynasty and captured by Li Shiji but released; the Eastern Turkic Khaganate becomes a vassal of Tang; Emperor Taizong of Tang becomes heavenly qaghan[2][11] | |
| Japanese missions to Tang China: Japan sends its first mission to the Tang dynasty[12] | ||
| 631 | Gao Biaoren (高表仁) accompanies Japanese embassy back to Japan[13] | |
| 632 | Khotan (Yutian) and Kashgar (Shule) submit to the Tang dynasty as vassals[14] | |
| Qibi Heli of the Tiele bring more than 1,000 households to Tang[15] | ||
| 634 | Yong'an Palace (永安宮) (Daming Palace) is completed[16] | |
| Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire sends an embassy to the Tang[17] | ||
| 635 | Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun: Emperor Taizong of Tang launches a campaign against Tuyuhun, a Xianbei empire to the west, and annexes the area[18] | |
| Yarkand (Shache) submits to the Tang dynasty.[14] | ||
| Yong'an Palace renamed Daming Palace[16] | ||
| 636 | The fubing system is revised to comprise 634 intrepid garrisons (zhechong fu 折衝府)[12] | |
| 638 | Gar Tongtsen Yulsung of the Tibetan Empire arrives in Tang to ask for a princess bride[19] | |
| The Tibetan Empire attacks the city of Songzhou, now modern Songpan, in Sichuan[20] | ||
| 639 | Census estimates a total population of 50 million residing within Tang administered territory[21][22] |
640s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 640 | Tang campaign against Karakhoja: Hou Junji conquers Karakhoja and annexes Gaochang (Turpan, Xinjiang); the Protectorate General to Pacify the West is created[12][23] | |
| Gar Tongtsen Yulsung of the Tibetan Empire arrives in Tang with tribute and successfully requests for a princess bride[24] | ||
| 641 | Princess Wencheng, an imperial sororal kin of the Tang dynasty, arrives in Tibet as Songtsen Gampo's bride[12] | |
| 643 | Crown Prince Li Chengqian is deposed[12] | |
| 644 | Emperor Taizong of Tang starts preparations for a campaign against Goguryeo[12] | |
| Tang campaigns against Karasahr: Tang general Guo Xiaoke attacks Karasahr and achieves military victory but Karasahr remains a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate[25] | ||
| Aksu (Gumo) submits to Tang [25] | ||
| 645 | First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War: Emperor Taizong of Tang leads an invasion of Goguryeo in person but withdraws after failure to conquer Anshi (northeast of Yingkou, Liaoning)[12] | |
| Xuanzang returns from India[12] | ||
| 646 | Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo: Tang forces defeat Xueyantuo in battle and their khan surrenders[26] | |
| 647 | Li Shiji leads another campaign against Goguryeo, but does not succeed[12] | |
| 648 | Emperor Taizong of Tang launches one more campaign against Goguryeo unsuccessfully[12] | |
| Tang campaign against Kucha: Tang general Ashina She'er conquers Kucha (Qiuci)[23] | ||
| Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire attacks Arjuna, usurper of Harsha of Mithila, for accosting the Tang ambassador Wang Xuance[27][12] | ||
| Khitans submit to Tang as vassals[28] | ||
| 649 | 10 July | Emperor Taizong of Tang succumbs to illness, possibly from the pills he took from his alchemists, and dies, his son Li Zhi succeeds him and becomes Emperor Gaozong of Tang[12] |
| The campaign against Goguryeo is called off[12] |
650s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 650 | Earliest known extant piece of printed text appears in Chang'an: a fragment of a Buddhist dhāraṇī scroll written in Sanskrit, known as the Great spell of unsullied pure light (Wugou jingguang da tuoluoni jing 無垢淨光大陀羅尼經)[29] | |
| 653 | A woman claims the title of emperor and rises in rebellion, causing widespread disruption for a few weeks before she is defeated and dies[30] | |
| 655 | Wu Zetian is set up as empress[12] | |
| 656 | Cheng Yaojin defeats the Karluk and Turgesh forces of the Western Turkic Khaganate[12] | |
| 657 | Battle of Irtysh River: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty[31] | |
| 658 | Conquest of the Western Turks: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty and lives out the rest of his days in Chang'an; the Western Turkic Khaganate is annexed by Tang[32] | |
| Luoyang becomes the Eastern Capital[12] | ||
| 659 | Evidence of a dental amalgam appears in the medical text Newly Revised Herbal Foundation (《新修本草》, Xīnxiū Běncǎo) written by Su Gong (苏恭), manufactured from tin and silver.[33] |
660s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 660 | Su Dingfang defeats Baekje[12] | |
| Tibetan Empire and their Turkic allies attack Shule[34] | ||
| Tang attacks the Khitans and captures their leader Abugu, sending him back to Luoyang[35] | ||
| Emperor Gaozong of Tang begins suffering from severe headaches as well as loss of vision and yields decision-making power to Wu Zetian[12] | ||
| 661 | Su Dingfang lays siege to Pyongyang[12] | |
| Peroz III of the Sasanian Empire requests military aid from Tang against the Arab invasion of Persia[36] | ||
| 662 | Tang troops lift siege of Pyongyang due to lack of food supplies[37] | |
| Liu Rengui inflicts a fatal blow on Baekje[37] | ||
| The Daming Palace is rebuilt[16] | ||
| 663 | Battle of Baekgang: Liu Rengui and others vanquish Baekje, having defeated a combined Baekje and Yamato fleet[37] | |
| Tibetan Empire attacks Yutian but are repelled[38] | ||
| The Daming Palace is completed[39] | ||
| 664 | Liu Rengui sends a memorial to the emperor reporting low morale of troops in Korea[40]
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