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Worthing
Borough of Worthing | |
|---|---|
      Clockwise, from top: Worthing seafront from Worthing Pier, Dome Cinema, Castle Goring, Cissbury Ring in the South Downs National Park, Connaught Theatre, Worthing Pier | |
 Coat of Arms of the Borough Council | |
| Etymology: Old English Wyrtingas | |
| Nickname: Sunny Worthing | |
| Motto(s): "Ex terra copiam e mari salutem" (Latin for "From the land plenty and from the sea health") | |
 Location within West Sussex | |
  Worthing Location within England  Worthing Location within the United Kingdom  Worthing Location within Europe | |
| Coordinates: 50°48′53″N 0°22′17″W / 50.81472°N 0.37139°W | |
| Sovereign state |  United Kingdom |
| Country |  England |
| Region | South East England |
| Historic county |  Sussex |
| County | West Sussex |
| Borough | Worthing |
| Founded | In Antiquity |
| Town charter | 1803 |
| Borough status | 1890 |
| Administrative HQ | Worthing Town Hall |
| Government | |
| • Type | Borough |
| • Body | Worthing Borough Council |
| • Leadership | Leader and cabinet |
| • Executive | Labour |
| • Leader of Council | Cllr Beccy Cooper (L) |
| • Chief Executive | Catherine Howe |
| • MPs | Peter Bottomley (C) Tim Loughton (C) |
| Area | |
| • Borough | 32.48 km2 (12.54 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 277th |
| Elevation | 7 m (25 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 184 m (603 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Borough | 112,044 (ranked 216th) |
| • Density | 3,445/km2 (8,920/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 474,485 |
| Demonym | Worthingite |
| Ethnicity (2021) | |
| • Ethnic groups | |
| Religion (2021) | |
| • Religion | List
|
| Time zone | GMT |
| • Summer (DST) | British Summer Time |
| Postcode | BN11–BN14 |
| Area code | 01903 |
| ONS code | 45UH |
| Highest point | Cissbury Ring (184m) |
| Grid reference | SU775075 |
| Website | adur-worthing |
Worthing (/ˈwɜːrðɪŋ/ WUR-dhing) is a seaside town and borough in West Sussex, England, at the foot of the South Downs, 11 miles (18 km) west of Brighton, and 18 miles (29 km) east of Chichester. With a population of 113,094[2] and an area of 12.5 square miles (32.4 km2), the borough is the second largest component of the Brighton and Hove built-up area, the 15th most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Northern parts of the borough, including the Worthing Downland Estate, form part of the South Downs National Park. In 2019, the Art Deco Worthing Pier was dubbed the best in Britain.[3]
Dating from around 4000 BC, the flint mines at Cissbury and nearby Church Hill, Blackpatch and Harrow Hill are amongst the earliest Neolithic monuments in Britain.[4] The Iron Age hill fort of Cissbury Ring is one of Britain's largest. The recorded history of Worthing began with the Domesday Book. Worthing is historically part of Sussex, mostly in the rape of Bramber; Goring, which forms part of the rape of Arundel, was incorporated in 1929. Worthing was a small mackerel fishing hamlet for many centuries until, in the late 18th century, it developed into an elegant Georgian seaside resort and attracted the well-known and wealthy of the day. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the area was one of Britain's chief market gardening centres.[5]
Modern Worthing has a large service industry, particularly in financial services. It has three theatres and one of Britain's oldest cinemas, the Dome.[6] Writers Oscar Wilde and Harold Pinter lived and worked in the town.
Etymology
The earliest known appearance of the name of Worthing is Wyrtingas, from circa AD 960.[7] It was listed as Ordinges or Wordinges in the Domesday Book[8] and was subsequently known as Wuroininege, Wurdingg, Wording or Wurthing, Worthinges, Wyrthyng, Worthen and Weorðingas.[9] The modern name Worthing was first documented in AD 1297.[10][11]
The etymology of the root Worth- is uncertain. Wyrt is the Old English word for "plant," "vegetable," "herb" or "spice,"[12] though there is no obvious connection with the name of the town. Additionally, the "y" was a front-loaded vowel that was indistinguishable from "i" by the end of the Anglo-Saxon period[13] and the spelling never evolved in that direction. The more obvious Middle English worth is not likely as well, as there was a dramatic Norman language influence on the spelling at the time of the Domesday Book.[9] A more probable root is the word for an Anglo-Saxon goddess - Wyrd, known in Norse mythology as Urðr [14] - with a shift of the alveolar consonant d to t as evidenced by the eleventh century evolution of the word.[9]
The suffix -ing is a cognate of inge, an ethnonym for the Germanic Ingaevones peoples, said variously to mean "of Yngvi" - of Freyr in Norse mythology,[15] "family, people or followers of"[16] or a genitive plural form of an inhabitant appellation.[17]
History
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From around 4000 BC, the South Downs above Worthing was Britain's earliest[18] and largest flint-mining area,[19] with four of the UK's 14 known flint mines lying within 7 miles (11 km) of the centre of Worthing.[19] Graffiti or art scratched into the chalk at Cissbury and nearby Harrow Hill may be the earliest dateable examples of Neolithic art in Britain.[20] An excavation at Little High Street dates the earliest remains from Worthing town centre to the Bronze Age. There is also an important Bronze Age hill fort on the western fringes of the modern borough at Highdown Hill.
During the Iron Age, one of Britain's largest hill forts was built at Cissbury Ring. The area was part of the civitas of the Regni during the Romano-British period. Several of the borough's roads date from this era and lie in a grid layout known as centuriation. A Romano-British farmstead once stood in the centre of the town, at a site close to Worthing Town Hall. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the area became part of the Kingdom of Sussex. The place names of the area, including the name Worthing itself, date from this period.
Worthing remained an agricultural and fishing hamlet for centuries until the arrival of wealthy visitors in the 1750s. Princess Amelia stayed in the town in 1798 and the fashionable and wealthy continued to stay in Worthing, which became a town in 1803. The town expanded and elegant developments such as Park Crescent and Liverpool Terrace were begun. The area was a stronghold of smugglers in the 19th century and was the site of rioting by the Skeleton Army in the 1880s.
Oscar Wilde holidayed in the town in 1893 and 1894, writing the Importance of Being Earnest during his second visit. The town was home to several literary figures in the 20th century, including Nobel prize-winner Harold Pinter. On 9 October 1934 violent confrontations took place in the town between protestors and Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists which subsequently became known as the Battle of South Street.[21] During the Second World War, Worthing was home to several allied military divisions in preparation for the D-Day landings.
Worthing became the world's 229th Transition Town in October 2009.[22] The project explored the town's transition to life after oil, and was established by local residents as a way of planning the town's Energy Descent Action Plan.
Governance
Local government for the borough of Worthing is shared between Worthing Borough Council and West Sussex County Council in a two-tier structure. Worthing Borough Council partners with neighbouring local authorities, as part of Adur and Worthing Councils and the Greater Brighton City Region. The borough is divided into 13 wards, with 11 returning three councillors and two returning two councillors to form a total council of 37 members. The borough is unparished.[23] At the 2022 election the Labour Party won control of the council for the first time,[24] ending 18 years of Conservative administration.
The town currently returns nine councillors from nine single-member electoral divisions to West Sussex County Council out of a total of 70.[25] At the 2021 West Sussex County Council election, Worthing returned five Labour and four Conservative councillors. The council is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways. The county council has been controlled by the Conservative Party since 1974, with the exception of the period 1993—97 when the council was under no overall control.
Since 2014, Worthing has also been within the area of the Greater Brighton City Region. The borough is represented on the City Region's Economic Board by the leader of the borough council.[26]
The town has two Members of Parliament (MPs): Tim Loughton (Conservative) for East Worthing and Shoreham, a former Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families;[27] and Peter Bottomley (Conservative) for Worthing West,[28] who following the 2019 general election became the Father of the House of Commons. At the 2017 general election, the East Worthing and Shoreham seat became a marginal seat[29] for the first time, with both seats having been held by their incumbents since the seats' creation before the 1997 general election. From 1945 to 1997 Worthing returned one MP. Since 1945 Worthing has always returned Conservative MPs.[30][31] Until 1945 Worthing formed part of the Horsham and Worthing parliamentary constituency.
Geography
Worthing is situated in West Sussex in South East England, 49 miles (79 km) south of London and 10 miles (16 km) west of Brighton and Hove. Historically within Sussex, in the rape of Bramber, Worthing is built on the South Coast Plain facing the English Channel. To the north of the urban area are the chalk hills of the South Downs, which form a National Park. The suburbs of High Salvington and Findon Valley climb the lower slopes of the Downs, reaching up to the 120-metre (394 ft) contour line, whereas the highest point in the borough reaches 184 metres (604 ft) at Cissbury Ring. Land at Cissbury Ring and the adjacent publicly owned Worthing Downland Estate together form a 145-hectare (360-acre) area of open access land within the borough. Further high points are at West Hill (139m) north-west of High Salvington and at Highdown Hill (81m) on the boundary with Ferring.[32] Cissbury Ring forms the only Site of Special Scientific Interest in the borough.[33]
With a population of about 200,000,[nb 1] the Centre for Cities identifies the wider primary urban area of Worthing as one of the 63 largest cities and towns in the UK. Extending from Littlehampton to Lancing, the primary urban area is roughly equivalent to the present day borough and the area administered from 1933 to 1974 as the Worthing Rural District, or the 01903 Worthing telephone code area. Worthing forms the second-largest part of the Brighton and Hove built-up area, England's 12th largest conurbation, with a population in 2011 of over 470,000.[34] The borough of Worthing is bordered by the West Sussex local authority districts of Arun in the north and west, and Adur in the east.
Worthing is situated on a mix of two beds of sedimentary rock. The large part of the town, including the town centre is built upon chalk (part of the Chalk Group), with a bed of London clay found in a band heading west from Lancing through Broadwater and Durrington.[35]
Worthing lies roughly midway between the Rivers Arun and Adur. The culverted Teville Stream and the partially-culverted Ferring Rife run through the town. One of the Ferring Rife's sources is in Titnore Wood, a Site of Nature Conservation Interest and one of the last remaining blocks of ancient woodland on the coastal plain.[36]
The development along the coastal strip is interrupted by strategic gaps at the borough boundaries in the east and west, referred to as the Goring Gap and the Sompting Gap. Each gap falling largely outside the borough boundaries.[37] The borough of Worthing contains no nature reserves: the nearest is Widewater Lagoon in Lancing.[38]
Marine environment
Lying some 3 miles (5 km) off the coast of Worthing, the Worthing Lumps are a series of underwater chalk cliff faces, up to 3 metres (10 ft) high. The lumps, described as "one of the best chalk reefs in Europe" by the Marine Conservation Society, are home to rare fish such as blennies and the lesser spotted dogfish.[39][40] The site has been declared a Site of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI) (a site of county importance) by West Sussex County Council.[41] Since 2013 the area has also formed part of the Kingmere Marine Conservation Zone. Just south of the shoreline lies remains of what was once an extensive kelp forest which until the 1980s stretched from Bognor Regis to Brighton and covered approximately 177 km2 (68 sq mi).[42] With only 6 km2 (2 sq mi) remaining, the kelp forest is now being supported to recover.[43]
Climate
Worthing has a temperate oceanic climate: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb. Its mean annual temperature of 10.6 °C (51.1 °F) is similar to that experienced along the Sussex coast, and slightly warmer than nearby areas such as the Sussex Weald.[44] On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, sometimes known as The Worthing Effect[45][46][47][48] by the local watersports community, blows from the south-west, building throughout the morning and peaking generally mid to late afternoon.[45]
Districts
The naming of parts of the town reflect its growth in its formative years of the 19th century. Central parts of the town are made up of the former townships of Worthing and West Worthing, which merged in 1890 when the town gained borough status. This area comprises the town centre, East Worthing and West Worthing. To the north and west of this area are the former villages of Worthing which have old roots but only became urbanised in the 20th century. These districts sometimes share their names – although not necessarily boundaries – with local electoral wards and include the former parishes of Broadwater, Durrington, Goring and (West) Tarring, as well as Findon Valley, which was formerly part of the parish of Findon. Other areas within these parishes include High Salvington, Offington and Salvington.
Demography
Population change
According to the Office for National Statistics, Worthing's population increased to an estimated 110,570 in 2019.[49] Worthing is the second most densely populated local authority area in East and West Sussex, with a population density in 2011 of 33.83 people per hectare.[49] Worthing underwent dramatic population growth both in the early 19th century as the hamlet had newly become a town and again in the 1880s. The town experienced further growth in the 1930s, and again when new estates were built, using prisoner of war labour, to the west of the town from 1948. The main driver of population growth in Worthing during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century has been in-migration into Worthing; in particular Worthing is the most popular destination for people moving from the nearby city of Brighton and Hove, with significant numbers also moving to the borough from London.[50]
| Year | Population | Year | Population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 2,151 | 1921 | 37,906 | |||
| 1811 | 3,824 | 1931 | 45,905 | |||
| 1821 | 4,922 | 1939 | 55,584 | |||
| 1831 | 5,654 | 1951 | 67,305 | |||
| 1841 | 6,856 | 1961 | 77,155 | |||
| 1851 | 7,615 | 1971 | 88,467 | |||
| 1861 | 9,744 | 1981 | 90,686 | |||
| 1871 | 11,873 | 1991 | 98,066 | |||
| 1881 | 14,002 | 2001 | 97,540 | |||
| 1891 | 19,177 | 2011 | 104,640 | |||
| 1901 | 24,479 | 2021 | 111,400 | |||
| 1911 | 31,301 | 2031 | 122,200 | |||
Source: A Vision of Britain Through Time,[51] Office for National Statistics[52] [2]ONS population projections 2014 base / projections uplifted by '21-1,800/'26-2,100/'36-2,500 given underestimation at 2016 - 2,250/
In 2021, 4.02% of residents, rising to 7.08% in central Worthing[53] identified as a sexual orientation other than heterosexual, compared with an average in England and Wales of 3.2%. The figure for under-35s in the borough of Worthing rose to 7.9% compared with an England and Wales average of 6.2%.[54]
Ethnicity
According to the UK Government's 2021 census, 91.2% of the population was White (85.1% White British, 0.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 0.2% Roma, 5.2% Other White), 2.5% of mixed ancestry (0.9% White and Black Caribbean, 0.5% White and Black African, 0.9% White and Asian, 0.7% Other Mixed), 4.0% Asian (1.0% Indian, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.7% Bangladeshi, 0.5% Chinese, 1.5% Other Asian), 1.2% Black (0.8% African, 0.2% Caribbean, 0.1% Other Black), 0.2% Arab and 0.8% of other ethnic heritage.[55]
The town also has some notable communities from overseas. At the 2021 census 0.79% (864 people) were born in Poland, 0.70% of its population (778 people) were born in India, 0.68% (753 people) were born in the Philippines and 0.65% (724 people) were born in Romania.
Age
Worthing has a younger population than the other three districts of coastal West Sussex, albeit older than the South East average. In 2006, 26.7% of the population were between 25 and 44 years old, which is a higher proportion compared to the other districts in the coastal West Sussex area.[50] Over the last 20 years, Worthing has seen the sharpest decline in its population aged 65 years or more with its proportion of the total population falling by 8.1% (7,000 in real terms), at a time when this age group has actually grown across the South East region and elsewhere.[50] In contrast there have been comparatively significant increases in older families (4.5%) and family makers (4.3%) within the borough.[50] In 2010 the estimated median age of the population of Worthing was 42.8 years, 3.2 years older than the average for the UK of 39.6 years.[56]
Religion
| Religion | 2001[57] | 2011[58] | 2021[59] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Holds religious beliefs | 72,477 | 74.2 | 64,326 | 61.4 | 53,428 | 47.9 |
 Christian
|
70,387 | 72.1 | 60,817 | 58.1 | 48,897 | 43.9 |
 Buddhist
|
330 | 0.3 | 600 | 0.6 | 704 | 0.6 |
 Hindu
|
214 | 0.2 | 546 | 0.5 | 739 | 0.7 |
 Jewish
|
256 | 0.3 | 227 | 0.2 | 274 | 0.2 |
 Islam
|
733 | 0.8 | 1,348 | 1.3 | 1,912 | 1.7 |
 Sikh
|
106 | 0.1 | 122 | 0.1 | 124 | 0.1 |
| Other religion | 451 | 0.5 | 666 | 0.6 | 778 | 0.7 |
| No religion | 16,575 | 17.0 | 31,577 | 30.2 | 50,895 | 45.7 |
| Religion not stated | 8,516 | 8.7 | 8,737 | 8.3 | 7,013 | 6.3 |
|
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