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 | This article needs to be updated. (January 2019) |
| 2018–2019 Gaza border protests | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Gaza–Israel conflict | |||
 UN OCHA map of the protests, 31 May 2018 | |||
| Date | 30 March 2018 – 27 December 2019 (1 year, 8 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)[1] | ||
| Location | Gaza Strip, near the Israeli border | ||
| Caused by |
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| Goals |
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| Concessions | None | ||
| Parties | |||
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| Casualties and losses | |||
The 2018–2019 Gaza border protests, also known as the Great March of Return (Arabic: مسیرة العودة الكبرى, romanized: Masīra al-ʿawda al-kubrā), were a series of demonstrations held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Gaza-Israel border from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019,[13][14][15] in which Israeli forces killed a total of 223 Palestinians.[4][13] The demonstrators demanded that the Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They protested against Israel's land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip and the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel.[16][17][18]
The first demonstrations were organized by independent activists, but the initiative was soon endorsed by Hamas,[19] the rulers of the Gaza Strip, as well as other major factions in Gaza. The activists who planned the Great March of Return intended it to last only from 30 March 2018 (Land Day) to 15 May (Nakba Day) but the demonstrations continued for almost 18 months until Hamas announced on 27 December 2019 that they would be postponed.[1] Thirty thousand Palestinians participated in the first demonstration on 30 March.[20] Larger protests took place on the following Fridays, 6 April, 13 April, 20 April, 27 April, 4 May, and 11 May — each of which involved at least 10,000 demonstrators — while smaller numbers attended activities during the week.[21][22]
Most of the demonstrators demonstrated peacefully far from the border fence. Peter Cammack, a fellow with the Middle East Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, argued that the march indicated a new trend in Palestinian society and Hamas, with a shift away from violence towards non-violent forms of protest.[23] Nevertheless, smaller groups attempted to breach the fence, rolling tires, and throwing stones and molotov cocktails.[24][25][26] Israeli officials said the demonstrations were used by Hamas as cover for launching attacks against Israel.[27]
At least 189 Palestinians were killed between 30 March and 31 December 2018.[28]: 6 [29][30] An independent United Nations commission said that at least 29 out of the 189 killed were militants.[5] Other sources claim a higher figure, of at least 40.[31][20][32] Israeli soldiers fired tear gas and live ammunition.[33] According to Robert Mardini, head of Middle East for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), more than 13,000 Palestinians were wounded as of 19 June 2018. The majority were wounded severely, with some 1,400 struck by three to five bullets.[34] No Israelis were physically harmed from 30 March to 12 May, until one Israeli soldier was reported as slightly wounded on 14 May,[9] the day the protests peaked. The same day, 59 or 60 Palestinians were shot dead at twelve clash points along the border fence.[35] Hamas claimed 50 of them as its militants,[36][37] and Islamic Jihad claimed 3 of the 62 killed as members of its military wing.[38] Some 35,000 Palestinians protested that day, with thousands approaching the fence.[39][40]
Israel's use of deadly force was condemned on 13 June 2018 in a United Nations General Assembly resolution.[41] Condemnations also came from human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch,[42] B'Tselem,[43] and Amnesty International,[44] and by United Nations officials.[45][46] Kuwait proposed two United Nations Security Council statements, both blocked by the United States, which called for investigations into Israel's killing of Palestinian protesters.[47] The Israeli government praised Israeli troops for protecting the border fence.[45] Media coverage of the demonstrations, and what has been termed the "PR battle", has been the object of analysis and controversy.[48][49] In late February 2019, a United Nations Human Rights Council's independent commission found that of the 489 cases of Palestinian deaths or injuries analyzed, only two were possibly justified as responses to danger by Israeli security forces. The commission deemed the rest of the cases illegal, and concluded with a recommendation calling on Israel to examine whether war crimes or crimes against humanity had been committed, and if so, to bring those responsible to trial.[50]
Background
In 2005, Israel withdrew its forces from the Gaza Strip and allowed the Palestinian authority to take control. Despite the withdrawal, Israel still maintains direct external control over everyday life in Gaza, such as the territory's air and maritime space, most of its land crossings, electricity and water supply and other utilities.[51][52][53] According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), Palestinians in Gaza still remain protected persons under the articles of the Geneva Conventions.[35]
Following the 2006 Palestinian election and the subsequent Battle of Gaza in 2007, Hamas took full control over the strip and expelled its rival and then-ruler of the West Bank, Fatah. The takeover by Hamas led Israel and Egypt to impose a land, air and sea blockade on the Gaza Strip. Gaza's economy has shriveled as a result, and many people in the territory do not have access to basic necessities.[54] Hamas has also been accused of frequently diverting portions of the international aid Gaza receives to its wars against Israel rather than the civilian population.[55]
As a result of numerous wars between Hamas and Israel, particularly the 2014 Gaza war, the humanitarian situation in Gaza worsened. Hamas struggled to Gaza, and the new leadership under Yahya Sinwar hoped to get the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority to take control of Gaza's civilian affairs through the 2017 Fatah–Hamas Agreement, which was ultimately unsuccessful. According to Israeli journalist Amos Harel, Hamas, which failed to lift the blockade for years, sought to use the demonstrations as a means to get out its strategic crisis, as it found armed conflict with Israel to be ineffective.[56]
The principal demand of the protests was the right of return for Palestinian refugees and their descendants to present-day Israel. A majority of Gaza's population consists of refugees from the 1948 Palestine War and their descendants.[57] Israel rejects any right of return, fearing that Jews would become a minority in Israel if too many Palestinians returned.[58]
Gaza's "no-go zone" and border barrier
In late 2005, after the Israeli disengagement from Gaza, the Israeli military imposed a "no-go zone" on the interior side of the Gaza–Israel border in response to rocket fire from Gaza falling on Israeli towns.[59] In 2023, this zone was around 300 meters wide.[60] According to the Israel Defense Force (IDF), this is done "to prevent the concealment of improvised explosives and to disrupt and prevent the use of the area for destructive purposes."[citation needed]
The border fence between Gaza and Israel (the separation barrier) is composed of a crude barbed-wire barrier, a brief gap, and then a 10 feet (3.0 m) high "smart fence" with sensors to detect infiltrators. A crowd surging towards the fence could cross the fence in some 30 seconds, according to one of the contractors who built it.[61]
Idea, organization, and strategy
The idea for a peaceful protest by Gazans demanding their right of return to Israel dates to the early 2010s. Ahmed Abu Ratima, a Palestinian journalist,[62] proposed a protest of this sort in a Facebook post.[63] Gazan journalist Muthana al-Najjar initiated the protest in 2018 by pitching a tent near the border for over a month.[64] It gained support from Gazan intellectuals like Atef Abu Saif and graduates of Gazan universities, who were said to have drawn inspiration from the examples of Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi.[65] The protests were eventually endorsed by most significant Palestinian political groups, including Hamas and its primary political opponent, Fatah.[65] Other factions, such as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and supporters of Muhammad Dahlan (who was expelled from Fatah in 2011) also endorsed the protests.[66]
The organizers tried to keep the protest independent from Hamas and other political groups, but by March 2018, Hamas had become heavily involved in organizing them.[64] Local newspapers, television and social media mobilized Gazans to join the March. Hamas also ordered its own soldiers to take part. To maximize the credibility of the protests, it reportedly planned to keep the peace by having plain clothed security personnel move among the protestors.[67]
The protests were planned for six weeks starting on 30 March to call for the lifting of the blockade the fulfilling the right of return, having been made public in advance.[68]
Timeline
Prior incidents
There was some violence between Israel and Gaza militants in the months leading up to the protests. In February 2018, four IDF soldiers were injured by an explosive device concealed in a Palestinian flag placed on the Gazan border fence during a Palestinian protest.[69] Israel reacted with airstrikes on Hamas military positions.[70] Over the following days, Israel and Hamas exchanged further rocket fire, tank fire and further airstrikes.[69] The following month, the IDF fired some ten Iron Dome missiles to intercept what the IDF sensors interpreted to be rockets, but which later turned out to be high-trajectory machine-gun fire during Hamas military exercises.[71][72]
In the week prior to 30 March, the IDF arrested a suspect who crossed into Israeli territory from northern Gaza; two Palestinians were seen near the now-defunct Karni crossing container port trying to set fire to army engineering equipment close to the border fence; a group of four Palestinians infiltrated Israel near Kissufim; and 3 Gazans, armed with grenades and knives, crossed the border and were captured some 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the border, near Tze'elim.[73][74]
30 March 2018
The first protest took place on 30 March 2018, around 500 to 700 metres (1,600 to 2,300 ft) from the Israel–Gaza border fence.[75] The date was chosen to coincide with Land Day. 30,000 Palestinians participated.[25] The majority of the demonstrators in the encampments were away from the border security and did not engage in violence.[57] Hundreds of young Palestinians, however, ignored warnings by the organizers and the Israeli military to avoid the border zone.[76] Some began throwing stones and Molotov cocktails, to which Israel responded by declaring the Gaza border zone a closed military zone and opening fire at them.[57] The events of the day were some of the most violent in recent years.[77] In one incident, two Palestinian gunmen approached the fence, armed with AK-47 assault rifles and hand grenades, and exchanged fire with IDF soldiers. They were killed and their bodies were recovered by the IDF.[78][79][80]
That day, 15 Palestinians were killed by the IDF, in addition to one farmer who was allegedly killed by artillery fire in the morning prior to the protests. The IDF said a tank fired at two men who "acted suspiciously" near the border fence and did not confirm if one of them was killed.[25] The profile of the 15 men who were killed by the IDF was a subject of debate. The IDF published an infographic with the pictures of ten of those killed, saying they were members of militant-terrorist organizations, of the seven were Hamas militants and activists, one was a "global jihad activist" and one was a member of the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades militant group. Some of them appear in military uniform in their pictures.[78] Hamas, however, said that only five of its members were killed that day,[81] and one of the men the IDF said was a Hamas operative, was a member of the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, according to the organization itself.[82] According to the IDF, among those Hamas confirmed were its members were a company commander and an operative in Hamas' tunnel warfare project.[78] Three other Palestinians who were shot on 30 March succumbed to their wounds in the following days. One of them was a member of Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The organization said he was unarmed when he was shot.[83][84]
One notable casualty, and an example of this debate, is a 19-year-old Palestinian who was seen in footage[citation needed] from the protest being shot in his back while holding a tire and running away from the fence. The IDF said he was a member of Hamas,[78] a claim Hamas did not confirm[81] and his family denied, stating he was a restaurant worker. The IDF described the footage as "edited and fabricated".[78] His funeral did not involve the honors usually given to slain Palestinian fighters.[85] Another 20-year-old man was shot, according to his brother, in the head, while smoking a cigarette while standing behind a group of stone throwers.[86]
Disagreement exists also about the number of those injured that day. According to the Gaza Health Ministry, over 1,400 Palestinians suffered injuries. According to various Palestinian medical sources, around 800 were wounded with live ammunition, while the remaining were injured by rubber-coated projectiles and tear gas. The IDF, on the other hand, estimated only a few dozens were injured with live fire.[87][88][89]
Protests continued on a lower scale throughout the week following the 30 March events. The IDF continued to fire at Palestinians along the border fence.[90] A video was published in social media on Sunday, 2 April, showing a 19-year-old man among a group of protesters, placing a tire on another burning tire, to make it catch on fire, then waving his hands in celebration. He is then seemingly shot in the head by Israeli soldiers. Palestinian sources reported he was critically wounded.[91][92]
During the week of 30 March 2018, two Palestinians were killed in two different incidents. In the first, a Palestinian member of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) was shot by Israeli forces after he breached the fence and entered Israel. The IDF published a video from an observation camera, showing the man hitting the fence with what seems to be a metal pipe when four other people stand behind him. He then breaches the fence and enters along with another man, which is when warning shots were probably fired. The video cuts before the man was shot and it is unclear in what circumstances was he shot and killed.[93] In another incident, an Israeli aircraft attacked an allegedly armed Palestinian who approached the fence.[94] The IDF published a video from an observance camera, showing the man walking slowly towards the fence, holding what appears to be an assault rifle. The army also said he was equipped with grenades and a suicide vest. The incident took place before dawn.[95] In addition to these events, on 1 April the IDF arrested four unarmed Palestinians who entered into Israel illegally.[96]
6 April
Protest organizers and Hamas called for renewed demonstrations on the Gaza–Israel border the following Friday, 6 April. The IDF stated that it intended to use the same force as the preceding week to prevent infiltrations of Israeli territory.[97]
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=2018–2019_Gaza_border_protests
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