2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake?oldid=1174753480 - Biblioteka.sk

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2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake?oldid=1174753480
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2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake
Tizi N'Test after the earthquake
Map
2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake (map data)
UTC time2023-09-08 22:11:01
ISC event626740945
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date8 September 2023 (2023-09-08)
Local time23:11 DST
Magnitude6.8 Mww, 6.9 Mw
Depth26.3 km (16.3 mi)
Epicenter31°06′36″N 8°26′24″W / 31.110°N 8.440°W / 31.110; -8.440
TypeOblique-thrust
Areas affectedMorocco
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)
Casualties2,012+ killed, 2,059+ injured

On 8 September 2023 at 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC), a moment magnitude 6.8–6.9 earthquake struck the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. The earthquake's epicenter was located 71.8 km (44.6 mi) southwest of Marrakesh, near the town of Ighil in the Atlas Mountains.[1] It occurred as a result of oblique-thrust faulting beneath the mountain range. At least 2,012 deaths were reported; most occurring outside Marrakesh. Damage was widespread, including historic landmarks in Marrakesh. The earthquake was also felt in Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Mauritania, and Algeria.[2][3][4]

It is the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in Morocco and the deadliest in the country since 1960.[5] The World Health Organization estimated about 300,000 people from Marrakesh and the surrounding areas were affected.[6] Following the earthquake, many countries offered humanitarian assistance. Morocco also observed three days of national mourning.

Tectonic setting

Main article: Geology of Morocco

Morocco lies close to the boundary between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate, the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault.[7] This zone of right-lateral strike-slip becomes transpressional at its eastern end, with the development of large thrust faults. To the east of the Strait of Gibraltar, in the Alboran Sea, the boundary becomes collisional in type. Most of the seismicity in Morocco is related to movement on that plate boundary, with the greatest seismic hazard in the north of the country close to the boundary.[8] In 2004, Al Hoceima was struck by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake that killed 628 people and left 926 injured. A magnitude 7.3 earthquake affecting neighboring Algeria in 1980 killed 2,500 people.[9]

The Atlas Mountains are an intracontinental mountain belt that extends 2,000 km (1,200 mi) from Morocco to Tunisia. These mountains formed from a collision during the Cenozoic. The mountain range reaches its highest elevation to the west, in Morocco.[10] Seismicity in Morocco is concentrated in the country's northern region and the Alboran Sea. South of the Rif, seismic activity is sparse but spread across the Middle Atlas, High Atlas, and Anti-Atlas. Seismicity in the Saharan Atlas is limited, and absent in the Saharan region south of the belt; it is also less active eastwards in Algeria and Tunisia. Previously, the largest earthquake recorded in the Atlas Mountains was the Mw  5.9 earthquake that struck Agadir in 1960. Earthquakes in the Atlas Mountains display focal mechanisms of strike-slip, thrust or a combination of both (oblique-slip).[11]

Earthquake

Mw 6.8 earthquake at 22:11 UTC
A strong ground motion map of the mainshock
Strong ground motion map
Seismogram of the Mww 6.8 earthquake
Seismogram

The Marrakesh-Safi earthquake is the largest instrumentally recorded in Morocco's modern history,[12] surpassed only by upper estimates of the 1755 Meknes earthquake, at Mw 6.5–7.0.[13] It occurred at 26.3 km (16.3 mi) depth, and had a magnitude of Mww 6.8, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS),[14] while Morocco's seismic agency reported a focal depth of 8 km (5.0 mi)[15] and a magnitude of 7.2.[16] The Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) reported a magnitude of Mw 6.9.[17] According to the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre, it was also felt in Portugal, Spain, Mauritania, Algeria, Western Sahara and along the coast of the Strait of Gibraltar.[18] The tremors were detected by monitoring stations as far away as Egypt.[19] Witnesses said the shaking lasted for about 20 seconds.[20] A magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred 19 minutes after the mainshock.[15]

The earthquake had a focal mechanism indicating oblique-thrust faulting beneath the High Atlas. The rupture occurred on a steep-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking northwest or a shallow-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking east. The USGS estimated the fault rupture area to be 30 km (19 mi) by 20 km (12 mi). Many east-west and northeast-southwest strike-slip and thrust faults occur in the High Atlas. Since 1900, there has not been a Mw  6.0 or larger earthquake within 500 km (310 mi) of the recent earthquake's epicenter; but nine Mw  5.0 and larger events have occurred to its east. A finite fault model by the USGS indicates rupture occurred on an east-northeast–west-southwest striking, north–northwest dipping thrust fault. Slip was concentrated around the hypocenter within a circular slip patch on the fault measuring about 30 km (19 mi) × 30 km (19 mi). A maximum displacement of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) was observed at 20–25 km (12–16 mi) depth while most of the slip occurred at 10–35 km (6.2–21.7 mi) depth; there was little to no slip close to the surface above 10 km (6.2 mi).[14]

Impact

At least 2,012 people were killed[21] and 2,059 were injured;[22][23] at least 1,404 of the injured were critically hurt.[22][24] Many fatalities occurred in remote locations south of Marrakesh.[25][26] In Al-Haouz and Taroudant provinces, the death toll stood at 1,293 and 452, respectively. Forty-one people died in Ouarzazate and 15 deaths were recorded in Marrakesh.[27] A French tourist died of a cardiac arrest during the earthquake.[28] Eight French nationals and some Americans were injured.[29][30] In Moulay Brahim, residents became trapped under collapsed buildings and volunteers made rescue attempts.[31] Over a dozen fatalities occurred in the village.[32]

Economic losses from the earthquake could reach up to 2% of Morocco's GDP, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.[33]

Some homes in older parts of Marrakesh and portions of the city walls collapsed,[34] leaving families trapped beneath debris.[35] At Jemaa el-Fnaa, a minaret of the Kharboush Mosque and parts of its walls collapsed, crushing vehicles below.[36] The Koutoubia Mosque was also damaged.[15] Several buildings in the Medina of Marrakesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating from the 12th century, also collapsed.[20][26] Internet access was disrupted due to power cuts.[37] The historic 12th-century Tinmel Mosque was extensively destroyed; a tower partially collapsed and walls fell.[38]

The Interior Ministry said the majority of damage occurred away from cities and towns.[15] Near the epicenter of the High Atlas, public television channel Al Aoula reported many buildings collapsed.[39] At the earthquake's epicenter in the town of Al-Haouz, a collapsed house trapped its residents under rubble.[40] Entire villages directly located near the epicenter were wiped out.[41] At Amizmiz, a village near the epicenter, rescuers used their hands to sort through debris. Twenty firefighters and soldiers attended to the remains of a house; they also recovered at least two bodies.[42] Nearly all of the 50 traditional houses in the village of Majat were destroyed and dozens of its inhabitants were killed.[43] Ninety-percent of houses in Asni were destroyed.[44] Additional homes in towns near the epicenter collapsed partly or completely. Electricity and roads were also cut in some areas.[45] In Essaouira, parts of facades fell off.[37]

The towns of Tafeghaghte,[46] Adassil and Imlil, as well as nearby villages surrounding Mount Toubkal were destroyed or severely damaged by the earthquake,[47][48] with an estimated 200 homes destroyed in Ijoukak alone.[22] Outside Agadir, in the villages of Taqi and Tadrart, many homes were destroyed.[49] In the city of Taroudant, almost 200 people were killed.[50] Several old or historic districts in the city were badly damaged.[51] Isolated villages in the Ouirgane Valley still had no electrical and telecommunication services two days after the earthquake.[52]

  • Earthquake aftermath in Marrakesh and Moulay Brahim

Aftermath

People in Marrakesh removed rubble by hand while awaiting heavy equipment. Many residents remained outdoors for fear of another earthquake. Posts on social media showed people evacuating a shopping centre, restaurants and apartment buildings.[42] Residents of the city spent the first two nights outdoors; filling up roundabouts, car parks and a public square.[53] Some businesses in the city reopened on 10 September as King Mohammed VI recommended commercial operations to continue.[54] In the capital Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) north of the epicenter, and at Imsouane, a coastal town, residents left their homes.[55]

The General Secretary of the Directorate General of Internal Affairs said officials and security teams were assembling resources to supply aid and assess damage.[56] In Salé, trucks carried blankets, camp beds, and lighting devices to the affected areas. Semi-trailers also carried supplies to reach these areas.[57] Local channel 2M shared videos of emergency vehicles travelling along a dirt road.[58] Rescue missions were disrupted as the roads through the mountainous region were congested with vehicles and fallen rocks.[21] In Al-Haouz Province, rocks were removed from roads to enable ambulances and aid to reach the affected areas.[21] A highway in the Atlas Mountains, congested with ambulances, taxis and Red Cross members, was used to treat the injured; the severely wounded were transported to a hospital in Marrakesh.[59] In remote areas that were difficult to access, the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces used helicopters to supply basic needs.[60]

There was a surge in wounded people admitted to hospitals in Marrakesh.[61] Injured people from outside Marrakesh also began to trickle into the city to get treatment.[62] An appeal was made to the city's residents for blood donations.[63] In the morning of 9 September, roughly 200 people, including tourists, visited a hospital to donate blood.[64] Among those who donated were the Moroccan national football team.[65] Damage assessments in Marrakesh revealed most of the city was relatively undamaged.[64]

King Mohammed VI authorized the deployment of the Royal Moroccan Army in various affected cities in order to help.[66][67] He also declared three days of national mourning[68] and ordered the creation of a relief commission to provide survivors with aid[69] and the opening of special bank accounts to allow donations[70] The Army later set up a field hospital in Moulay Brahim.[71] Rescue personnel used heavy equipment to recover survivors and bodies from debris.[32] Survivors from the village began digging graves on a hill to bury the dead.[72] A large tent was set-up in the village to house the homeless.[59] Operations at Marrakesh Airport remained normal but two Ryanair flights from Marrakesh to Brussels and Beauvais, France, that were scheduled for 9 September were cancelled. British Airways replaced its regular aircraft to Marrakesh with a larger one to carry British nationals requesting repatriation.[73]

The delay of 18 hours for the King to make an official announcement received criticism socially. The Red Cross announced the recovery could take years;[74] several villages near the epicenter in the remote mountainous region were completely flattened and/or inaccessible,[75] with the paucity of infrastructure such railways, roads, and hospitals vis-à-vis the north of the country hampering relief efforts.[76]

Reactions

Spain,[77][78] India,[79] Algeria,[80] France,[81][82] Portugal,[83] Pakistan,[84] Romania,[85] Taiwan,[86] Thailand,[87] Turkey,[88] the United Kingdom,[89] the United States,[90][30] the European Union,[91] and the United Nations[92] offered to provide assistance and support to Morocco.[93] The Moroccan government has not formally asked for foreign assistance, which would allow the entry of such aid.[54]

Benoît Payan, the mayor of Marrakesh's sister city Marseille, France, announced that he was sending firefighters to Morocco to help with rescue operations.[94][95] The President of the Regional Council of Île-de-France Valérie Pécresse sent $535,000 in aid.[96] The French Embassy in Morocco [fr] opened a crisis unit hotline.[97] A rescue crew was sent from Nice, while communities across the country offered more than 2 million euros ($2.1 million) in aid.[70][98]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and King Abdullah II of Jordan ordered their governments to send aid to Morocco,[99][100][101] while the UAE's president Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ordered the establishment of an air bridge to transport relief aid and other support.[102][103] Algeria opened its airspace to Morocco for the first time since 2021 to facilitate the arrival of humanitarian aid.[104][80][96] Spain placed its Military Emergencies Unit, its other aid agencies, and its embassy in Rabat at Morocco's disposal.[105] A Spanish Air Force aircraft carrying 56 soldiers and four search dogs was flown to Marrakesh after the Moroccan government made a bilateral appeal.[70]

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) on behalf of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to provide for wide, albeit contingent, humanitarian satellite coverage.[106] On 9 September, a team of 50 paramedics and personnel from Tunisia arrived. The team also brought search dogs, thermal imaging devices, a drone and field hospital.[98]

The Confederation of African Football postponed the qualifying match for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations between Morocco and Liberia, which was due to be held in Agadir on 9 September.[107][108] UEFA announced a moment of silence for the victims for all club and national team matches until 21 September.[109]

See also

References

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  67. ^ "بتعليمات ملكية.. القوات المسلحة الملكية تنشر وسائل بشرية ولوجيستية جوية وبرية" [With royal instructions, the Royal Armed Forces deploy human, air and land logistical means]. Heba Press (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  69. ^ Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Paget, Sharif; Alkhshali, Hamdi; Lau, Chris; Rebane, Teele; Alkhaldi, Celine; Xu, Xiaofei; Sariyuce, Isil (9 September 2023). "Morocco earthquake kills more than 2,000 and damages historic Marrakech". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
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  73. ^ Calder, Simon (9 September 2023). "Morocco earthquake: Is it safe to travel at the moment?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  74. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (10 September 2023). "Morocco earthquake: mourning begins as rescue continues with death toll over 2,000" – via The Guardian.
  75. ^ "Morocco earthquake: Mountain villages plunged into grief". 10 September 2023 – via www.bbc.com.
  76. ^ Faucon, Chao Deng, Stephen Kalin, Summer Said and Benoit. "Morocco Earthquake Rescue Efforts Intensify as Death Toll Passes 2,000". WSJ.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (10 September 2023). "Morocco earthquake: mourning begins as rescue continues with death toll over 2,000". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  78. ^ "Albares anuncia el envío de ayuda de forma "inminente" a Marruecos". www.lavanguardia.com. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  79. ^ "Morocco Earthquake News Live Updates: PM Modi expresses his condolences over the lives lost due to Morocco quake; At least 296 people have been killed". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  80. ^ a b "الجزائر تفتح مجالها الجوي لتسهيل وصول المساعدات الإنسانية إلى المغرب" [Algeria opens its airspace to facilitate the arrival of humanitarian aid to Morocco]. Echourouk (in Arabic). 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  81. ^ "France's Macron 'Devastated' By Morocco Quake, Promises Aid". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  82. ^ "Séisme au Maroc: Emmanuel Macron se dit "bouleversé" et propose l'aide de la France" [Earthquake in Morocco: Emmanuel Macron says he is “upset” and offers help from France]. BFMTV (in French). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  83. ^ @antoniocostapm (9 September 2023). "O sismo da noite passada em Marrocos deixa-nos profundamente consternados" [Last night's earthquake in Morocco leaves us deeply saddened] (Tweet) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023 – via Twitter.
  84. ^ News, Desk. "Powerful earthquake hits Morocco causing deaths, damage". Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  85. ^ "Ciolacu anunță că România este pregătită să ofere asistență Marocului, după cutremurul care a devastat această țară" [Ciolacu announces that Romania is ready to offer assistance to Morocco, after the earthquake that devastated this country]. Stirileprotv.ro (in Romanian). 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  87. ^ ""เศรษฐา" เสียใจต่อเหตุแผ่นดินไหวโมร็อกโก สั่ง กต. เร่งช่วยเหลือคนไทย" [Settha regrets the Morocco earthquake and orders the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to rush to help Thai people.]. Thairath (in Thai). 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  88. ^ "Fas için AFAD, Sağlık Bakanlığı UMKE, Türk Kızılay ve diğer STK'lardan 265 personel hazırlandı" [265 personnel from AFAD, Ministry of Health UMKE, Turkish Red Crescent and other NGOs were prepared for Morocco.]. Anadolu Ajansı. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  89. ^ "Morocco earthquake: More than 600 dead after powerful tremors". BBC News. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  95. ^ "EN DIRECT - Maroc : le bilan du tremblement de terre grimpe à plus de 600 morts et 300 blessés" [LIVE - Morocco: earthquake toll rises to more than 600 dead and 300 injured]. TF1 INFO (in French). 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  97. ^ "DIRECT. Séisme au Maroc : la France solidaire avec un pays «ami», Paris «sera à ses côtés»" [DIRECT. Earthquake in Morocco: France in solidarity with a "friendly" country, Paris "will be at its side"]. Le Parisien (in French). 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  98. ^ a b "Foreign offers of aid in response to Morocco earthquake". The Straits Times. Reuters. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  99. ^ "Israel preparing to send search and rescue mission, assistance to quake-hit Morocco". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  100. ^ "King expresses condolences to King of Morocco over victims of earthquake". Ammon News. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  101. ^ "King expresses condolences to Morocco over earthquake victims, directs government to provide support". rhc.jo. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  102. ^ "بعد الزلزال الكبير.. جسر جوي إماراتي لدعم المغرب" [After the major earthquake... an Emirati airlift to support Morocco]. Sky News Arabia (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  103. ^ Wam. "UAE President to establish air bridge to deliver critical relief to Morocco following deadly earthquake". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
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  107. ^ Berkane, Hanif Ben (9 September 2023). "Séisme au Maroc : la CAF accepte le report du match Maroc-Libéria" [Earthquake in Morocco: CAF accepts the postponement of the Morocco-Liberia match]. Foot Mercato : Info Transferts Football - Actu Foot Transfert (in French). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  108. ^ "CAF postpones Morocco vs Liberia AFCON 2023 Qualifier match following Earthquake in Morocco which resulted in more than 800 people losing their lives and hundreds injured" (Press release). CAF. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  109. ^ "Moment of silence in memory of victims of earthquake in Morocco". UEFA Champions League. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

External links

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=2023_Marrakesh-Safi_earthquake?oldid=1174753480
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