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Abhinavagupta | |
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| Personal | |
| Born | Shankara c. 950 CE |
| Died | c. 1016 CE |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Creed | Kashmir Shaivism |
| Notable work(s) | Tantrāloka etc |
| Known for | Doctrine of Vibration (spanda) |
| Religious career | |
Influenced | |
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Abhinavagupta (Devanāgarī अभिनवगुप्तः; c. 950 – 1016 CE[1][2]: 27 ) was a philosopher, mystic and aesthetician from Kashmir.[3] He was also considered an influential musician, poet, dramatist, exegete, theologian, and logician[4][5] – a polymathic personality who exercised strong influences on Indian culture.[6][7]
Abhinavagupta was born in a Kanyakubja Brahmin family of scholars and mystics whose ancestors immigrated from Kannauj by the great king of Kashmira, Lalitaditya Muktapida.[8][9][10] He studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus.[2]: 35 In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Kaula and Trika (known today as Kashmir Shaivism). Another one of his very important contributions was in the field of philosophy of aesthetics with his famous Abhinavabhāratī commentary of Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni.[11]
Life
"Abhinavagupta" was not his real name, rather a title he earned from his master, carrying a meaning of "competence and authoritativeness".[2]: 20 [12] In his analysis, Jayaratha (1150–1200 AD)[2]: 92 – who was Abhinavagupta's most important commentator – also reveals three more meanings: "being ever vigilant", "being present everywhere" and "protected by praises".[13]: 4 Raniero Gnoli, the only Sanskrit scholar who completed a translation of Tantrāloka in a European language, mentions that "Abhinava" also means "new",[14] as a reference to the ever-new creative force of his mystical experience.
From Jayaratha, we learn that Abhinavagupta was in possession of all the six qualities required for the recipients of the tremendous level of śaktipāta, as described in the sacred texts (Śrīpūrvaśāstra):[15] an unflinching faith in God, realisation of mantras, control over objective principles (referring to the 36 tattvas), successful conclusion of all the activities undertaken, poetic creativity and spontaneous knowledge of all disciplines.[2]: 21
Abhinavagupta's creation is well equilibrated between the branches of the triad (Trika): will (icchā), knowledge (jñāna), action (kriyā); his works also include devotional songs, academical/philosophical works[2]: 20 and works describing ritual/yogic practices.[16]
As an author, he is considered a systematiser of the philosophical thought. He reconstructed, rationalised and orchestrated the philosophical knowledge into a more coherent form,[17] assessing all the available sources of his time, not unlike a modern scientific researcher.
Various contemporary scholars have characterised Abhinavagupta as a "brilliant scholar and saint",[18] "the pinnacle of the development of Kaśmir Śaivism"[18] and "in possession of yogic realization".[2]: 20
Social background, family and disciples
"Magical" birth
The term by which Abhinavagupta himself defines his origin is "yoginībhū", 'born of a yoginī'.[2]: 20 [19] In Kashmir Shaivism and especially in Kaula it is considered that a progeny of parents "established in the divine essence of Bhairava",[20] is endowed with exceptional spiritual and intellectual prowess. Such a child is supposed to be "the depository of knowledge", who "even as a child in the womb, has the form of Shiva",[13] to enumerate but a few of the classical attributes of his kind.
Parents
Abhinavagupta was born in a Kanyakubja Brahmin family in Kashmir.[21][22] His mother, Vimalā (Vimalakalā) died when Abhinavagupta was just two years old;[23][2]: 31 as a consequence of losing his mother, of whom he was reportedly very attached,[15] he grew more distant from worldly life and focused all the more on spiritual endeavour.
The father, Narasiṃhgupt, after his wife's death favoured an ascetic lifestyle, while raising his three children. He had a cultivated mind and a heart "outstandingly adorned with devotion to Mahesvara (Shiva)"[23] (in Abhinavagupta's own words). He was Abhinavagupta's first teacher, instructing him in grammar, logic and literature.[2]: 30
Family
Abhinavagupta had a brother and a sister. His brother, Manoratha, was a well-versed devotee of Shiva.[2]: 22 His sister, Ambā (probable name, according to Navjivan Rastogi), devoted herself to worship after the death of her husband in late life.
His cousin Karṇa demonstrated even from his youth that he grasped the essence of Śaivism and was detached of the world. His wife was presumably Abhinavagupta's older sister Ambā,[2]: 24 who looked with reverence upon her illustrious brother. Ambā and Karṇa had a son, Yogeśvaridatta, who was precociously talented in yoga[2]: 23
Abhinavagupta also mentions his disciple Rāmadeva as faithfully devoted to scriptural study and serving his master.[2]: 24 Another cousin was Kṣema, possibly the same as Abhinavagupta's illustrious disciple Kṣemarāja. Mandra, a childhood friend of Karṇa, was their host in a suburban residence; he was not only rich and in possession of a pleasing personality, but also equally learned.[2]: 25 And last but not least, Vatasikā, Mandra's aunt, who got a special mention from Abhinavagupta for caring for him with exceptional dedication and concern; to express his gratitude, Abhinavagupta declared that Vatasikā deserved the credit for the successful completion of his work.[2]: 26
The emerging picture here is that Abhinavagupta lived in a nurturing and protected environment, where his creative energies got all the support they required. Everyone around him was filled with spiritual fervor and had taken Abhinavagupta as their spiritual master. Such a supporting group of family and friends was equally necessary as his personal qualities of genius, to complete a work of the magnitude of Tantrāloka.
Ancestors
By Abhinavagupta's own account, his most remote known ancestor was called Atrigupta, born in Madhyadeśa, i.e. the Middle Country. Born in Madhyadeśa he travelled to Kashmir at the request of king Lalitāditya,[2]: 28 [13]: 3 around year 740 CE.[24]
Masters
Abhinavagupta is famous for his voracious thirst for knowledge. To study he took many teachers (as many as fifteen),[2]: 33 both mystical philosophers and scholars. He approached Vaiṣṇavas, Buddhists, Śiddhānta Śaivists, and the Trika scholars.
Among the most prominent of his teachers, he enumerates four, two of whom were Vāmanātha, who instructed him in dualistic Śaivism,[2]: 54 and Bhūtirāja in the dualist/nondualist school. Besides being the teacher of the famous Abhinavagupta, Bhūtirāja was also the father of two eminent scholars.[2]: 34
Lakṣmaṇagupta, a direct disciple of Utpaladeva, in the lineage of Trayambaka, was highly respected by Abhinavagupta and taught him all the schools of monistic thought: Krama, Trika, and Pratyabhijña (except Kula).[2]: 54 Śambhunātha taught him the fourth school (Ardha-trayambaka). This school is in fact Kaula, and it was emanated from Trayambaka's daughter.
For Abhinavagupta, Śambhunātha was the most admired guru. Describing the greatness of his master, he compared Śambhunātha to the Sun, in his power to dispel ignorance from the heart, and, in another place, with "the Moon shining over the ocean of Trika knowledge."[13]: 7 Abhinavagupta received Kaula initiation through Śambhunātha's wife (acting as a dūtī or conduit). The energy of this initiation is transmitted and sublimated into the heart and finally into consciousness. Such a method is difficult but very rapid and is reserved for those who shed their mental limitations and are pure. It was Śambhunātha who requested he write Tantrāloka. As guru, he had a profound influence in the structure of Tantrāloka[25] and in the life of its creator, Abhinavagupta.[2]: 44–54
As many as twelve more of his principal teachers are enumerated by name but without details.[2]: 35, 54 It is believed that Abhinavagupta had more secondary teachers. Moreover, during his life he had accumulated a large number of texts from which he quoted in his magnum opus, in his desire to create a syncretic, all-inclusive system, where the contrasts of different scriptures could be resolved by integration into a superior perspective.
Lifestyle
Abhinavagupta remained unmarried all his life,[2]: 32 and as an adept of Kaula, at least initially maintained brahmacharya and supposedly used the vital force of his energy (ojas) to deepen his understanding of the spiritual nervous system he outlined in his works—a system involving ritual union between Purusha (as Shiva) and Shakti. Such union is essentially non-physical and universal, and thus Abhinavagupta conceived himself as always in communion with Shiva-Shakti. In the context of his life and teachings, Abhinavagupta parallels Shiva as both ascetic and enjoyer.
Abhinavagupta studied assiduously at least until the age of thirty or thirty-five.[24] To accomplish that he travelled, mostly inside Kashmir.[13]: 6 By his own testimony, he had attained spiritual liberation through his Kaula practice, under the guidance of his most admired master, Śambhunātha.[2]: 44–54 He lived in his home (functioning as an ashram) with his family members and disciples,[26] and he did not become a wandering monk, nor did he take on the regular duties of his family, but lived out his life as a writer and a teacher.[13]: 7 Abhinavagupta's personality was described as a living realisation of his vision.[4]
In an epoch pen-painting, Abhinavagupta is depicted seated in Virasana, surrounded by devoted disciples and family, performing a kind of trance-inducing music on a veena while dictating verses of Tantrāloka to one of his attendees--behind him two dūtī (women yogi) waiting on him. A legend about the moment of his death (placed somewhere between 1015 and 1025, depending on the source), says that he took with him 1,200 disciples and marched off to a cave, today this cave is known by (Abhinavagupta Cave) located at hill called Bairam at Beerwah, reciting his poem Bhairava-stava, a devotional work. They were never to be seen again, supposedly translating together into the spiritual world.[27]
Works
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