A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Voiced alveolar lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l | |
| IPA Number | 155 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | l |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006C |
| X-SAMPA | l |
| Braille |  |
| Voiced postalveolar lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Voiced dental lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̪ | |
| Audio sample | |
The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/ are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.[1] Some languages have only clear l.[2] Others may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before front vowels (especially [i]).
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of :
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages.[3] However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages that have it, as in English health.
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Gulf[4] | لـين/leen | 'when' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Arabic phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 蘭/laan4 | 'orchid' | ||
| Mandarin | 蘭/lán | ||||
| Hungarian[5] | elem | 'battery' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Italian[6][7][8] | molto | 'much, a lot' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.[6][7][8] See Italian phonology | ||
| Macedonian[9] | лево/levo | 'left' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malayalam | ലാവണം | 'Salty' | See Malayalam phonology | ||
| Mapudungun[10] | ḻafkeṉ | 'sea, lake' | Interdental.[10] | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[11] | anlegg | 'plant (industrial)' | Allophone of /l/ after /n, t, d/.[11] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Spanish[12] | altar | 'altar' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t/, /d/. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[13] | allt | 'everything' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[14] | புலி/puli | 'tiger' | See Tamil phonology | ||
| Uzbek[15] | kelajak | 'future' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme.[15] | ||
| Vietnamese | Hanoi[16] | lửa | 'fire' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Standard[17] | لا/lā | 'no' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[18] | լուսին/lusin | 'moon' | ||
| Assyrian | ܠܚܡܐ/läḳma | lεxma | 'bread' | ||
| Catalan[19][20] | laca | ˈlɑkɐ | 'hair spray' | Apical 'front alveolar'.[19][20] May also be velarized.[21] See Catalan phonology | |
| Chuvash | хула | хu'la | 'city' | ||
| Dutch | Standard[22] | laten | ˈl̻aːt̻ə | 'to let' | Laminal. Some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.[22] See Dutch phonology |
| Some Eastern accents[23] | mal | mɑl̻ | 'mold' | Laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.[23] See Dutch phonology | |
| Dhivehi | ލަވަ/lava | laʋa | 'song' | ||
| English | Most accents[24] | let | lɛt | 'let' | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[24] |
| Irish, Geordie[25] | tell | tʰɛl | 'tell' | ||
| Esperanto | luno | ˈluno | 'moon' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | luto | ˈluto | 'cook' | See Filipino phonology | |
| Greek | λέξη/léksi | ˈleksi | 'word' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Italian[6][26][27] | letto | ˈlɛt̪ːo | 'bed' | Apical.[7] See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese | 六/roku | lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ | 'six' | Apical.[28] More commonly [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kashubian[29] | [example needed] | ||||
| Khmer | ភ្លេង/phléng | pʰleːŋ | 'music' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 일/il | il | 'one' or 'work' | Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See Korean phonology. | |
| Kyrgyz[30] | көпөлөк/köpölök | køpøˈløk | 'butterfly' | Velarized in back vowel contexts. See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Laghu | laghu | lagu | 'Laghu language' | ||
| Laghuu | Nậm Sài, Sa Pa Town | la˧˨ ɣɯ˥ | 'Laghuu language' | ||
| Mapudungun[10] | elun | ëˈlʊn | 'to give' | ||
| Nepali | लामो | lämo | 'long' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia[31] | ଭଲ | bʰɔlɔ | 'good' | ||
| Persian | لاما/lāmā | lɒmɒ | 'llama' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[32] | pole | 'field' | Contrasts with ɫ̪ (?pojem=) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to lʲ. See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian[33] | alună | äˈlun̪ə | 'hazelnut' | Apical. See Romanian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[34] | maoil | mɯːl | 'headland' | Contrasts with /ɫ̪/ and /ʎ/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Slovak[35] | mĺkvy | 'silent' | Syllabic form can be long or short. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene[36] | letalo | lɛˈt̪àːlɔ | 'airplane' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[37] | hablar | äˈβ̞läɾ | 'to speak' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Welsh | diafol | djavɔl | 'devil' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[38] | обличчя/oblychchya | oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ | 'face' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Postalveolaredit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Igbo | Standard[39] | lì | l̠ì | 'bury' | |
| Italian[7] | il cervo | il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo | 'the deer' | Palatalized laminal; allophone of /l/ before /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.[7] See Italian phonology | |
| Turkish[40][41] | lale | 'tulip' | Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [ɫ̟].[40][41]May be devoiced elsewhere. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[42] | lan | l̠an | 'soot' | |
Variableedit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faroese[43] | linur | ˈliːnʊɹ | 'soft' | Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic /l/ may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.[43] See Faroese phonology | |
| French[44] | il | il | 'he' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.[44] See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[45] | Liebe | ˈliːbə | 'love' | Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[45] |
| Norwegian | Urban East[46] | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Alveolar_lateral_approximant||||