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| Ban of Croatia | |
|---|---|
| Hrvatski ban | |
 The heraldic standard of the Croatian ban in the 19th century | |
| Reports to | King of Croatia Croatian Parliament |
| Seat | Banski dvori, Zagreb, Croatia |
| Term length | No fixed term length |
| Formation | c. 949 |
| First holder | Pribina |
| Final holder | Ivan Šubašić |
| Abolished | 10 April 1941 (de facto) 13 June 1943 (de jure) |
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Ban of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatski ban) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102, viceroys of Croatia. From the earliest periods of the Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by bans as a ruler's representative (viceroy) and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became the chief government officials in Croatia.
They were at the head of the Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The institution of ban persisted until the first half of the 20th century, when it was officially superseded in function by that of a parliamentary prime minister.
Origin of title
South Slavic ban (Croatian pronunciation: [bâːn], with a long ), is directly attested in 10th-century Constantine Porphyrogenitus' book De Administrando Imperio as βο(ε)άνος, in a chapter dedicated to Croats and the organization of their state, describing how their ban "has under his rule Krbava, Lika and Gacka."[1]
Bans during the Trpimirović dynasty
References from the earliest periods are scarce, but history recalls that the first known Croatian ban is Pribina from the 10th century. In the early Middle Ages, the ban was the royal district governor of Lika, Gacka and Krbava. Later, the meaning of the title was elevated to that of provincial governor in the Kingdom of Croatia. King Demetrius Zvonimir was originally a ban serving under King Peter Krešimir IV.
| Name (Birth–Death) |
Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pribina | c. 949
|
c. 969
|
The first historically attested Ban of Croatia. Pribina deposed of King Miroslav during a civil war in the Croatian Kingdom, and replaced him with Michael Krešimir. He ruled over the Gacka, Krbava and Lika counties, according to De Administrando Imperio. He is also possibly referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban".[2] | Miroslav
(945–949) |
Michael Krešimir II
(949–969) | ||||
| Godemir | c. 969
|
c. 997
|
Also called Godimir. He is mentioned to have served kings Michael Krešimir and Stephen Držislav[3] in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great from 1068.[4] | |
Stephen Držislav
(969–997) | ||||
| Gvarda | c. 997
|
c. 1000
|
Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great from 1068. | |
Svetoslav Suronja
(997–1000) | ||||
| Božeteh | c. 1000
|
c. 1030
|
Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great from 1068. | |
| Stephen Praska | c. 1035
|
c. 1058
|
According to the chronicle of Archdeacon Goricensis John, he was named as ban by King Stephen I around 1035 (after his military expeditions to the east), thus succeeding Božeteh as Croatian ban.[5][6][7] He eventually attained a Byzantine imperial title of protospatharios somewhere between 1035 and 1042, which governed his influence over the Dalmatian theme. | Stephen I
(1030–1058) |
| Gojčo | c. 1059
|
c. 1069
|
He was possibly the brother of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great, who was rumored to have murdered his other brother called Gojslav.[8] | Peter Krešimir IV
(1058–1074) |
| Demetrius Zvonimir | c. 1070
|
c. 1075
|
During the reign of Peter Krešimir IV (Zvonimir's relative), Demetrius Zvonimir ruled in Slavonia, specifically the land between the rivers Drava and Sava, with the title of ban.[9] Croatian charters at the time were issued in the names of both King Peter Krešimir and Ban Zvonimir.[10] In 1074, Normans from southern Italy invaded Croatia and captured a certain Croatian ruler whose name is not known, certainly King Peter Krešimir, who died soon after and was succeeded by Demetrius Zvonimir.[11] | |
| Petar Snačić | c. 1075
|
c. 1091
|
Ban of Croatia according to a later addenda to Supetar Cartulary. | Demetrius Zvonimir
(1075–1089) |
Stephen II
(1089–1091) |
Croatian bans after 1102
After the Croats elected King Coloman of Hungary as King of Croatia 1102, the title of ban acquired the meaning of viceroy. Bans were appointed by the Hungarian king as his representatives in Kingdom of Croatia, heads of the parliament (sabor) and also as supreme commander of Croatian Army.
Croatia was governed by the viceregal ban as a whole from 1102 until 1225, when it was split into two separate regions of Slavonia and Croatia. Two different bans were occasionally appointed until 1476, when the institution of a single ban was resumed. Most bans were native nobles but some were also of Hungarian ancestry.
Most notable bans from this period were Pavao Šubić and Peter Berislavić.
Bans of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ugra | 1102 | 1105 | Coloman (1102–1116) | ||
| Sergije | 1105 | ||||
| Klaudije | 1116 | 1117 | Stephen II (1116–1131) | ||
| Aleksije | c. 1130 | c. 1141 | Béla II (1131–1141) | ||
| Beloš (1083–1163) |
1142 | c. 1158 | Géza II (1141–1162) | ||
| Apa | 1158 | ||||
| Beloš (1083–1163) |
1163 | Stephen III (1162–1172) | |||
| Ampudije | 1164 | c. 1180 | |||
| Mauro | 1181 | Béla III (1172–1196) | |||
| Denis | c. 1180 | c. 1183 | Ban only in the littoral part | ||
| Suban | 1183 | 1185 | |||
| Kalán (c. 1152–1218) |
1190 | 1193 | |||
| Dominic Miskolc | 1194 | c. 1195 | |||
| Andrija | 1198 | for Duke Andrew | Emeric (1196–1204) | ||
| Nicholas I of Transylvania | 1198 (?) | 1199 | for King Emeric | ||
| Benedict Osl | 1199 | 1200 | for King Emeric | ||
| Nicholas, Palatine of Hungary | 1200 | 1201 (?) | for Duke Andrew | ||
| Martin Hont-Pázmány | 1202 | for Duke Andrew | |||
| Hipolit | 1204 | for King Emeric | |||
| Mercurius | 1205 | 1206 | Ladislaus III (1204–1205) | ||
| Stephen Mihaljev | 1206 | 1207 | Andrew II (1205–1235) | ||
| Bánk Bár-Kalán | 1208 | 1209 | |||
| Tomo | 1209 | ||||
|
Berthold | 1209 | 1211 | ||
| Michael Kačić | 1212 | ||||
| Martin Hont-Pázmány | 1213 | ||||
| Julius I Kán | 1213 | ||||
| Simon Kačić | 1212 | 1214 | |||
| Ohuz | 1214 | ||||
| Ivan | 1215 | 1216 | Ban only in Slavonia | ||
| Pontius of Cross | 1217 | ||||
| Bánk Bár-Kalán | 1217 | 1218 | |||
| Julius I Kán | 1218 | 1219 | |||
| Ernej | 1220 | 1221 | |||
| Ohuz | 1219 | 1220 | |||
| Solomon Atyusz | c. 1222
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