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Canadian war memorials are buildings, monuments, and statues that commemorate the armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, the role of the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping operations, and Canadians who died or were injured in a war. Much of this military history of Canada is commemorated today with memorials across the country and around the world. Canadian memorials commemorate the sacrifices made as early as the Seven Years' War to the modern day War on Terror. As Newfoundland was a British Dominion until joining Confederation in 1949, there are several monuments in Newfoundland and Labrador and abroad which were dedicated to Newfoundland servicemen and women.
There are currently 6,293 war memorials in Canada registered with the National Inventory of Military Memorials, which is under the Canadian Department of Veterans Affairs.[1] There are also war memorials across the world, some of which are operated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which are dedicated to Canada as well as the Commonwealth members. There currently are 17 in France, six in Belgium, four in the United Kingdom, two in Afghanistan and South Korea, and one each in Egypt, Hong Kong, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Singapore, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates.
There are few examples of memorial art created by Indigenous peoples before the late nineteenth century. One of the best-preserved memorials is in Áísínai’pi, or Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, in southern Alberta. This UNESCO World Heritage Site houses an extensive series of small-scale petroglyphs incised on the sandstone bluffs of the Milk River, a number of them dating to thousands of years ago.[2]
War memorials in Canada
 |
Colonial period
There exists a number of memorials commemorating events that occurred prior to Canadian Confederation in 1867. In addition to pre-Confederation war memorials, a number of communities in Ontario also have cannons originating from the Crimean War.[3][4][5] However, these cannons are war trophies gifted to various communities in Upper Canada after the conflict; and do not serve as a memorial. Prior to the twentieth century, Canadian memorials were dedicated to great leaders and victories, not the named deaths of ordinary service personnel.[2]
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle Hill Monument | 
|
Southwest Middlesex, Ontario | 42°59′52″N 79°10′30″W / 42.997895°N 79.174913°W | Commemorates the Battle of Longwoods, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Cook's Mill Monument | 
|
Cooks Mill, Ontario | 42°59′52″N 79°10′30″W / 42.997895°N 79.174913°W | Commemorates the Battle of Cook's Mill, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Crysler's Farm Monument | 
|
Morrisburg, Ontario | 42°41′39″N 81°42′18″W / 42.69417°N 81.70500°W | Dedicated to those who fought and died in the victory at Crysler's Farm. |
| Battle of Eccles Hill Monument | 
|
Frelighsburg, Quebec | Commemorates the Battle of Eccles Hill, fought during the Fenian raids. | |
| Battle of Lundy's Lane Monument | 
|
Niagara Falls, Ontario | Dedicated in 1895, the monument commemorates members of the British Army and Canadian militia during the Battle of Lundy's Lane. | |
| Battle of Trois-Rivières Monument | 
|
Trois-Rivières, Quebec | Commemorates the British and Canadian soldiers who fought at the Battle of Trois-Rivières during the American Revolutionary War. | |
| British Empire Loyalist Cairn | 
|
Regina, Saskatchewan | Dedicated to American settlers and the United Empire Loyalists who sided with the British during the American Revolutionary War. | |
| Brock's Monument | 
|
Queenston, Ontario | 43°09′36.37″N 079°03′10.99″W / 43.1601028°N 79.0530528°W | Dedicated to Major General Isaac Brock, one of Canada's heroes of the War of 1812. |
| Canadian Volunteer Monument | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | 43°39′45.55″N 079°23′36.01″W / 43.6626528°N 79.3933361°W | Honours University of Toronto student volunteers who fell during the Battle of Ridgeway Lime Ridge, or died of wounds received in action or from disease contracted in service while defending her frontier in June 1866. |
| Defence of York Monument | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | 43°38′34″N 079°23′01″W / 43.64278°N 79.38361°W | In memory of officers, non-commissioned officers and men who were killed or died of wounds defending York (present-day Toronto). |
| James Wolfe Monument | 
|
Quebec City, Quebec | 46°47′59.81″N 071°13′29.79″W / 46.7999472°N 71.2249417°W | Dedicated to General James Wolfe, remembered chiefly for his victory over the French, and establishing British rule in Canada. |
| Liverpool Memorial Cairn | Liverpool, Nova Scotia | Highlights the role of privateers from the area during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. | ||
| Monument aux Braves | 
|
Quebec City, Quebec | Commemorates the Battle of Sainte-Foy, fought during the Seven Years' War. | |
| Peace Arch | 
|
Surrey, British Columbia | 49°0′7.66″N | Monument commemorates the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. Situated on the Canada–United States border, the Arch lies between the communities of Surrey, British Columbia, and Blaine Washington. |
| Royal Navy and Provincial Marine Memorial | Kingston, Ontario | Dedicated to the officers and seamen of the Royal Navy and the Provincial Marine who served in Lake Ontario during the War of 1812. | ||
| Stoney Creek Battlefield Memorial | 
|
Hamilton, Ontario | 43°12′59.9″N 079°45′59.4″W / 43.216639°N 79.766500°W | Commemorates the victory at the Battle of Stoney Creek, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Sebastopol Monument | 
|
Halifax, Nova Scotia | 44°38′36.67″N 063°34′20.93″W / 44.6435194°N 63.5724806°W | Forth oldest war monument in Canada and the only Crimean War monument in North America. |
| United Empire Loyalist Memorial | Tusket, Nova Scotia | Dedicated to the United Empire Loyalists who settled the area during, or after the American Revolutionary War. | ||
| Wolfe and Montcalm Obelisk | 
|
Quebec City, Quebec | 46°48′40″N 071°12′19″W / 46.81111°N 71.20528°W | Oldest war monument in Canada. Commemorates Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and James Wolfe, the French and British commanders of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham during the Seven Years War. |
| War of 1812 Monument, Ottawa | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | Monument commemorating diverse contributions to the defence of Canada during the War of 1812 | |
| War of 1812 Monument, Toronto | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | 43°38′12″N 079°24′00″W / 43.63667°N 79.40000°W | Commemorates the successful defence of British North America against American forces in the War of 1812[6] |
North-West Rebellion and the Boer War
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boer War Memorial | 
|
Montreal, Quebec | 45°29′58.63″N 073°34′15.44″W / 45.4996194°N 73.5709556°W | Sculpted by George W. Hill |
| Boer War Memorial Fountain | .jpg)
|
Halifax, Nova Scotia | Commemorate Canadian combatants during the Second Boer War. Located in the Halifax Public Gardens[7] | |
| Boer War Monument | 
|
Windsor, Ontario | Unveiled in 1906, the memorial was originally situated next to a post office, and later moved to Jackson Park in 1932.[8] | |
| Central Memorial Park | 
|
Calgary, Alberta | 51°02′28.48″N 114°04′16.00″W / 51.0412444°N 114.0711111°W | The park has a cenotaph, a statue of a First World War soldier and a statue of R.L. Boyle, which is dedicated to all Albertans who served during the Second Boer War.[9] |
| North-West Rebellion Monument | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | 43°39′42.10″N 079°23′24.23″W / 43.6616944°N 79.3900639°W | Dedicated to those who served with the Canadian army during the North-West Rebellion. |
| South African War Memorial | 
|
Halifax, Nova Scotia | 44°38′53.86″N 063°34′24.65″W / 44.6482944°N 63.5735139°W | Created by Hamilton MacCarthy |
| South African War Memorial | 
|
London, Ontario | Commemorates those from Middlesex County, Ontario who served during the Second Boer War. Unveiled in 1912 by the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire; rededicated in 2000. | |
| South African War Memorial | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | 45°25′21.84″N 075°41′31.68″W / 45.4227333°N 75.6921333°W | Located in Confederation Park it commemorates the Canadian participation in the Boer War. |
| South African War Memorial | 
|
Quebec City, Quebec | Sculpted by Hamilton MacCarthy. | |
| South African War Memorial | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | 43°39′04.72″N 079°23′12.49″W / 43.6513111°N 79.3868028°W | Commemorates the Canadian participation in the Boer War |
| Volunteers Monument | 
|
Winnipeg, Manitoba | Commemorates the members of the 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles during the North-West Rebellion[10] |
First and Second World Wars
The war memorial sculptors at work in Canada in the years following the First World War include: Emanuel Hahn, George W. Hill, Frank Norbury, Walter Allward, Hamilton MacCarthy, Coeur de Lion MacCarthy, Alfred Howell, Sydney March, Elizabeth Wyn Wood, Henri Hebert, J. Massey Rhind, Hubert Garnier, Nicholas Pirotton, Charles Adamson, Frances Loring, and Ivor Lewis.
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert Memorial Bridge | 
|
Regina, Saskatchewan | 50°26′10.2012″N 104°37′5.3544″W / 50.436167000°N 104.618154000°W | Honours Saskatchewan soldiers who died in World War I. |
| Animals in War Memorial / Les animaux en temps de guerre | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | 45°25′21.84″N 075°41′31.68″W / 45.4227333°N 75.6921333°W | A memorial by David Clendining to animals (mainly mules, horse, dogs, pigeons) that have served for Canada in military conflicts since World War I and is located in Confederation Park |
| Ashburnham Memorial Park | 
|
Peterborough, Ontario | 44°18′36″N 078°18′10″W / 44.31000°N 78.30278°W | Memorial to the men of Peterborough who died in the First World War. |
| Bell Island Seaman's Memorial | 
|
Lance Cove, Newfoundland | 47°36′03.2″N 052°58′40.9″W / 47.600889°N 52.978028°W | Dedicated to commemorate sailors killed by Nazi Germany U-boats in World War II. |
| Bronze Angel | 
|
Montreal, Quebec; Vancouver, British Columbia (pictured); Winnipeg, Manitoba |
"Bronze Angel", by sculptor, Coeur Lion MacCarthy, war memorial depicts the angel of victory raising up a young soldier to heaven at the moment of his death, 1921 commemorates 1,115 Canadian Pacific Railway employees killed during the First World War erected at the Canadian Pacific Railway stations.[11] | |
| Camp X Memorial | 
|
Whitby Ontario | 43°51′20.28″N 078°53′00.06″W / 43.8556333°N 78.8833500°W | Honours the men and women of Camp X who served during the Second World War. |
| CANLOAN Memorial | Ottawa, Ontario | Dedicated to Canadian military officers loaned to the British Army under the CANLOAN program during the Second World War.[12] | ||
| Coronation Park Memorial | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to those who served in the Second World War. Erected in 1995 as a part of the 50th anniversary commemorations of the Second World War. | |
| Cremation Memorial | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | 45°26′42″N 075°39′57″W / 45.44500°N 75.66583°W | A sheltered space in the National Cemetery of Canada that honours the memory of Canadian servicemen who died in Canada and the United States and who were cremated.[11] |
| Cross of Sacrifice | 
|
Quebec City, Quebec | 46°48′31.9″N 071°12′43.85″W / 46.808861°N 71.2121806°W | Dedicated to those who died in the First World War, the Second World War, and the Korean War, |
| Great War Memorial | 
|
Niagara Falls, Ontario | 43°05′23.81″N 079°04′22.57″W / 43.0899472°N 79.0729361°W | Memorial to those who died in the First and Second World Wars. |
| Halifax Memorial | 
|
Halifax, Nova Scotia | 44°37′08.76″N 063°33′55.93″W / 44.6191000°N 63.5655361°W | Dedicated to the Canadian servicemen and women who died at sea during both World Wars and includes the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Merchant Navy and the Canadian Army. |
| Harbord War Memorials | Toronto, Ontario | Located on the grounds of Harbord Collegiate Institute, a public secondary school, it includes two sculptures. The first sculpture was erected in 1921 and was dedicated to those who served in the First World War; and a second sculpture dedicated to those who served in the Second World War, completed in 2007. | ||
| Law Society of Upper Canada Great War Memorial | 
|
Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to the 115 lawyers and law students of the Law Society of Upper Canada during the First World War. Located in the Great Library of Osgoode Hall. | |
| Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial | 
|
Victoria, British Columbia | 48°25′14.20″N 123°22′16.66″W / 48.4206111°N 123.3712944°W | Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War. |
| Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | 45°26′24.61″N 075°41′47.05″W / 45.4401694°N 75.6964028°W | Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War. |
| Malvern Memorial | Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to the students of Malvern Collegiate Institute that served in the First World War. Malvern Collegiate Institute is a public secondary school. | ||
| Memorial Clock Tower | Wainwright, Alberta | 52°50′00.66″N 110°51′39.76″W / 52.8335167°N 110.8610444°W | Dedicated to the local men who fought and died in both World Wars. | |
| Memorial Gates | 
|
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | 52°07′45.43″N 106°38′34.05″W / 52.1292861°N 106.6427917°W | Military memorial which is a part of the University of Saskatchewan. |
| Montreal Cenotaph | 
|
Montreal, Quebec | 45°29′55.03″N 073°34′07.75″W / 45.4986194°N 73.5688194°W | Dedicated to Montrealers who died in the First World War. |
| Montreal Clock Tower | 
|
Montreal, Quebec | 45°30′44.44″N 073°32′44.84″W / 45.5123444°N 73.5457889°W | Dedicated to Canadian naval sailors who died during the First World War. |
| Monument des Braves | Shawinigan, Quebec | 46°32′22.38″N 072°45′12.85″W / 46.5395500°N 72.7535694°W | Commemorates those who died in the First World War, and Second World War | |
| National War Memorial | 
|
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador | 47°34′03.28″N 052°42′13.67″W / 47.5675778°N 52.7037972°W | Memorial for soldiers who served with the Dominion of Newfoundland during the First World War. |
| Ottawa Memorial | 
|
Ottawa, Ontario | 45°26′27.08″N 075°41′45.90″W / 45.4408556°N 75.6960833°W
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