A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
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| Vietnamese alphabet chữ Quốc ngữ | |
|---|---|
| Script type | |
| Creator | Portuguese and Italian Jesuits[1][2][3][4] and Alexandre de Rhodes |
| Languages | Vietnamese, other indigenous languages of Vietnam |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Bahnar alphabet, Cham alphabet, Nùng alphabet, Tày alphabet[5] |
The Vietnamese alphabet (Vietnamese: chữ Quốc ngữ, lit. 'script of the National language', IPA: [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ kuək̚˧˦ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]) is the modern writing script for Vietnamese. It uses the Latin script based on Romance languages[6] originally developed by Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina (1585–1625).[1]
The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, including seven letters using four diacritics: ⟨ă⟩, ⟨â⟩, ⟨ê⟩, ⟨ô⟩, ⟨ơ⟩, ⟨ư⟩, and ⟨đ⟩. There are an additional five diacritics used to designate tone (as in ⟨à⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ả⟩, ⟨ã⟩, and ⟨ạ⟩). The complex vowel system and the large number of letters with diacritics, which can stack twice on the same letter (e.g. nhất meaning 'first'), makes it easy to distinguish the Vietnamese orthography from other writing systems that use the Latin script.[7]
The Vietnamese system's use of diacritics produces an accurate transcription for tones despite the limitations of the Roman alphabet. On the other hand, sound changes in the spoken language have led to different letters, digraphs and trigraphs now representing the same sounds.
Letter names and pronunciation
Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The four remaining letters are not considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write loanwords, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example: ⟨dz⟩ or ⟨z⟩ for southerner pronunciation of ⟨v⟩ in standard Vietnamese.
In total, there are 12 vowels (nguyên âm) and 17 consonants (phụ âm, literally 'extra sound').
| Letter | Input keys | Name (when pronounced) |
IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TELEX | VNI | Hanoi | Nghệ An | Sài Gòn | ||
| A, a | a | ʔaː˧˧ | ʔaː˧˥ | ʔaː˧˧ | ||
| Ă, ă | AW
|
A8
|
á | ʔaː˧˥ | ʔaː˩˩ | ʔaː˧˥ |
| Â, â | AA
|
A6
|
ớ | ʔəː˧˥ | ʔəː˩˩ | ʔəː˧˥ |
| B, b | bê | ʔɓe˧˧ | ʔɓe˧˥ | ʔɓe˧˧ | ||
| C, c | xê | se˧˧ | se˧˥ | se˧˧ | ||
| D, d | dê | ze˧˧ | ze˧˥ | je˧˧ | ||
| Đ, đ | DD
|
D9
|
đê | ʔɗe˧˧ | ʔɗe˧˥ | ʔɗe˧˧ |
| E, e | e | ʔɛ˧˧ | ʔɛ˧˥ | ʔɛ˧˧ | ||
| Ê, ê | EE
|
E6
|
ê | ʔe˧˧ | ʔe˧˥ | ʔe˧˧ |
| G, g | giê | zə˧˧ | zə˧˥ | jə˧˧ | ||
| H, h | hát | haːt˧˥ | haːt˩˩ | haːk˧˥ | ||
| I, i | i | ʔi˧˧ | ʔi˧˥ | ʔi˧˧ | ||
| K, k | ka | kaː˧˧ | kaː˧˥ | kaː˧˧ | ||
| L, l | e-lờ | ʔɛ˧˧ lə̤ː˨˩ | ʔɛ˧˥ ləː˧˧ | ʔɛ˧˧ ləː˨˩ | ||
| M, m | em-mờ | ʔɛm˧˧ mə̤ː˨˩ | ʔɛm˧˥ məː˧˧ | ʔɛm˧˧ məː˨˩ | ||
| N, n | en-nờ | ʔɛn˧˧ nə̤ː˨˩ | ʔɛn˧˥ nəː˧˧ | ʔɛŋ˧˧ nəː˨˩ | ||
| O, o | o | ʔɔ˧˧ | ʔɔ˧˥ | ʔɔ˧˧ | ||
| Ô, ô | OO
|
O6
|
ô | ʔo˧˧ | ʔo˧˥ | ʔo˧˧ |
| Ơ, ơ | OW
|
O7
|
ơ | ʔəː˧˧ | ʔəː˧˥ | ʔəː˧˧ |
| P, p | pê | pe˧˧ | pe˧˥ | pe˧˧ | ||
| Q, q | quy | kwi˧˧ | kwi˧˥ | wi˧˧ | ||
| R, r | e-rờ | ʔɛ˧˧ zə̤ː˨˩ | ʔɛ˧˥ ɹəː˧˧ | ʔɛ˧˧ ɹəː˨˩ | ||
| S, s | ét-sì | ʔɛt˧˥ si̤˨˩ | ʔɛt˩˩ si˧˧ | ʔɛk˧˥ ʂi˨˩ | ||
| T, t | tê | te˧˧ | te˧˥ | te˧˧ | ||
| U, u | u | ʔu˧˧ | ʔu˧˥ | ʔu˧˧ | ||
| Ư, ư | UW/W
|
U7
|
ư | ʔɨ˧˧ | ʔɨ˧˥ | ʔɨ˧˧ |
| V, v | vê | ve˧˧ | ve˧˥ | je˧˧ | ||
| X, x | ích-xì | ʔik˧˥ si̤˨˩ | ʔik˩˩ si˧˧ | ʔɨt˧˥ si˨˩ | ||
| Y, y | i dài | ʔi˧˧ za̤ːj˨˩ | ʔi˧˥ zaːj˧˧ | ʔi˧˧ jaːj˨˩ | ||
- Notes
| Letter | Name (when pronounced) |
Hà Nội | Nghệ An | Sài Gòn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Phoneme | IPA | Phoneme | IPA | Phoneme | ||
| F, f | ép | ʔɛp˧˥ | /f/ | ʔɛp˩˩ | /f/ | ʔɛp˧˥ | /f/ |
| J, j | gi | zi̤˧˧ | /z/ | ji˧˥ | /z/ | ji˧˧ | /j/ |
| W, w | vê kép | ve˧˧ kɛp˧˥ | ?pojem= | ve˧˥ kɛp˩˩ | ?pojem= | je˧˧ kɛp˧˥ | ?pojem= |
| Z, z | giét | zɛt˧˥ | /z/ | zɛt˩˩ | /z/ | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Chữ_Quốc_ngữ||