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Chinese star names (Chinese: 星名, xīng míng) are named according to ancient Chinese astronomy and astrology. The sky is divided into star mansions (星宿, xīng xiù, also translated as "lodges") and asterisms (星官, xīng guān). The ecliptic is divided into four sectors that are associated with the Four Symbols, guardians in Chinese mythology, and further into 28 mansions. Stars around the north celestial pole are grouped into three enclosures (垣, yuán).[1] The system of 283 asterisms under the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions was established by Chen Zhuo of the Three Kingdoms period, who synthesized ancient constellations and the asterisms created by early astronomers Shi Shen, Gan De and Wuxian.[2] Since the Han and Jin dynasties, stars have been given reference numbers within their asterisms in a system similar to the Bayer or Flamsteed designations, so that individual stars can be identified.[3] For example, Deneb (α Cyg) is referred to as 天津四 (Tiān Jīn Sì, the Fourth Star of Celestial Ford).
In the Qing dynasty, Chinese knowledge of the sky was improved by the arrival of European star charts. Yixiang Kaocheng, compiled in mid-18th century by then deputy Minister of Rites Ignaz Kögler, expanded the star catalogue to more than 3000 stars. The newly added stars (增星, zēng xīng) were named as 增一 (zēng yī, 1st added star), 增二 (zēng èr, 2nd added star) etc. For example, γ Cephei is referred to as 少衛增八 (Shào Wèi Zēng Bā, 8th Added Star of Second Imperial Guard). Some stars may have been assigned more than one name due to the inaccuracies of traditional star charts.
While there is little disagreement on the correspondence between traditional Chinese and Western star names for brighter stars, many asterisms, in particular those originally from Gan De, were created primarily for astrological purposes and can only be mapped to very dim stars.[4] The first attempt to fully map the Chinese constellations was made by Paul Tsuchihashi in late 19th century. In 1981, based on Yixiang Kaocheng and Yixiang Kaocheng Xubian, the first complete map of Chinese stars and constellations was published by Yi Shitong (伊世同).[5]
The list is based on Atlas Comparing Chinese and Western Star Maps and Catalogues by Yi Shitong (1981) and Star Charts in Ancient China by Chen Meidong (1996). In a few cases, meanings of the names are vague due to their antiquity.[6] In this article, the translation by Hong Kong Space Museum is used.
Three Enclosures
Purple Forbidden Enclosure
The Purple Forbidden Enclosure (紫微垣 Zǐ Wēi Yuán) occupies the region around the north celestial pole and represents the imperial palace. It corresponds to constellations Auriga, Boötes, Camelopardalis, Canes Venatici, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco, Hercules, Leo Minor, Lynx, Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor.
Asterism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
北極 (Běi Jí, North Pole) | 太子 (Tài Zǐ, Crown Prince) γ UMi (Pherkad) |
帝 (Dì, Emperor) β UMi (Kochab) |
庶子 (Shù Zǐ, Son of Concubine) 5 UMi |
後宮 (Hòu Gōng, Imperial Harem) 4 UMi |
天樞 (Tiān Shū, Celestial Pivot) HIP 62561 |
|||||
四輔 (Sì Fǔ, Four Advisors) | Unclear | HIP 51384 | HIP 51502 | Unclear | ||||||
勾陳 (Gōu Chén, Curved Array) | α UMi (Polaris) | δ UMi (Yildun) | ε UMi | ζ UMi (Akhfa al Farkadain) | 2 UMi | HIP 113116 | ||||
天皇大帝 (Tiān Huáng Dà Dì, Great Emperor of Heaven) | HIP 109693[note 1] | |||||||||
天柱 (Tiān Zhù, Celestial Pillars) | 76 Dra | 77 Dra | 69 Dra | 59 Dra | 40 Dra | |||||
御女 (Yù Nǚ, Maids-in-waiting) | τ Dra | 50 Dra | 29 Dra | |||||||
女史 (Nǚ Shǐ, Female Protocol) | ψ1 Dra (Dziban) | |||||||||
柱史 (Zhù Shǐ, Official of Royal Archives) | φ Dra | |||||||||
尚書 (Shàng Shū, Royal Secretary) | 27 Dra | 15 Dra | 18 Dra | HIP 80161 | 19 Dra | |||||
天床 (Tiān Chuáng, Celestial Bed) | HIP 69373 | HIP 74605 | HIP 77277 | HIP 79414 | RR UMi | 6 UMi | ||||
大理 (Dà Lǐ, Chief Judge) | CO Cam | Unclear | ||||||||
陰德 (Yīn Dé, Hidden Virtue) | HIP 51808 | HD 91114 | ||||||||
六甲 (Liù Jiǎ, Six Jia) | HIP 32439 | M Cam | HIP 39538 | VZ Cam | HIP 23265 | K Cam | ||||
五帝內座 (Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò, Interior Seats of Five Emperors) | HIP 14417 | 47 Cas | HIP 13055 | HIP 15547 | HIP 19461 | |||||
華蓋 (Huā Gài, Canopy of the Emperor) | Unclear | 40 Cas | HIP 5926 | 31 Cas | ψ Cas | 43 Cas | ω Cas | |||
槓 (Gàng, Canopy Support) | γ Cam | HIP 14862 | 49 Cas | 51 Cas | 50 Cas | 54 Cas | 48 Cas | 42 Cas | 38 Cas | |
紫微右垣 (Zǐ Wēi Yòu Yuán, Right Wall) | 右樞 (Yòu Shū, Right Pivot) α Dra (Thuban) |
少尉 (Shào Wèi, Second Chief Judge) κ Dra |
上輔 (Shàng Fǔ, First Minister) λ Dra (Giausar) |
少輔 (Shào Fǔ, Second Minister) 24 UMa |
上衛 (Shàng Wèi, First Imperial Guard) 43 Cam |
少衛 (Shào Wèi, Second Imperial Guard) α Cam |
上丞 (Shàng Chéng, First Prime Minister) BK Cam |
|||
紫微左垣 (Zǐ Wēi Zuǒ Yuán, Left Wall) | 左樞 (Zuǒ Shū, Left Pivot) ι Dra (Edasich) |
上宰 (Shàng Zǎi, First Premier) θ Dra |
少宰 (Shào Zǎi, Second Premier) η Dra (Athebyne) |
上弼 (Shàng Bì, First Minister) ζ Dra (Aldhibah) |
少弼 (Shào Bì, Second Minister) υ Dra |
上衛 (Shàng Wèi, First Imperial Guard) 73 Dra |
少衛 (Shào Wèi, Second Imperial Guard) π Cep |
少丞 (Shào Chéng, Second Prime Minister) 23 Cas |
||
天乙 (Tiān Yǐ, Celestial Great One) | 7 Dra (Tianyi)[7] | |||||||||
太乙 (Tài Yǐ, First Great One) | 8 Dra (Taiyi)[7] | |||||||||
內廚 (Nèi Chú, Inner Kitchen) | 10 Dra | HIP 66798 | ||||||||
北斗 (Běi Dǒu, Northern Dipper) | 天樞 (Tiān Shū, Celestial Pivot) α UMa (Dubhe) |
天璇 (Tiān Xuán, Celestial Rotating Jade) β UMa (Merak) |
天璣 (Tiān Jī, Celestial Shining Pearl) γ UMa (Phecda) |
天權 (Tiān Quán, Celestial Balance) δ UMa (Megrez) |
玉衡 (Yù Héng, Jade Sighting-tube) ε UMa (Alioth) |
開陽 (Kāi Yáng, Opener of Heat) ζ UMa (Mizar) |
搖光 (Yáo Guāng, Twinkling Brilliance) η UMa (Alkaid) |
|||
輔 (Fǔ, Assistant) | 80 UMa (Alcor) | |||||||||
天槍 (Tiān Qiāng, Celestial Spear) | κ Boo (Asellus Tertius) | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Chinese_star_names