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Comparison of operating systems
...These tables provide a comparison of operating systems, of computer devices, as listing general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available PC or handheld (including smartphone and tablet computer) operating systems. The article "Usage share of operating systems" provides a broader, and more general, comparison of operating systems that includes servers, mainframes and supercomputers.
Because of the large number and variety of available Linux distributions, they are all grouped under a single entry; see comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. There is also a variety of BSD and DOS operating systems, covered in comparison of BSD operating systems and comparison of DOS operating systems.
Nomenclature
The nomenclature for operating systems varies among providers and sometimes within providers. For purposes of this article the terms used are;
- kernel
- In some operating systems, the OS is split into a low level region called the kernel and higher level code that relies on the kernel. Typically the kernel implements processes but its code does not run as part of a process.[disputed – discuss]
- hybrid kernel
- monolithic kernel
- Nucleus
- In some operating systems there is OS code permanently present in a contiguous region of memory addressable by unprivileged code; in IBM systems this is typically referred to as the nucleus. The nucleus typically contains both code that requires special privileges and code that can run in an unprivileged state. Typically some code in the nucleus runs in the context of a dispatching unit, e.g., address space, process, task, thread, while other code runs independent of any dispatching unit. In contemporary operating systems unprivileged applications cannot alter the nucleus.
License and pricing policies also vary among different systems. The tables below use the following terms:
- BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software.
- bundled
- The fee is included in the price of the hardware
- bundled initially
- The fee is included in the price of the hardware but upgrades require an additional fee.
- GPL2
- GPL3
- Per user
- The fee depends on the maximum number of users concurrently logged on.
- MSU
- The fee depends on the resources consumed by the user
- MULC
- Measured Usage License Charges
- PSLC
- Parallel Sysplex Software Pricing
General information
| Name | Creator | Initial public release | Predecessor | Current stable version | Release date | Cost, availability | Preferred license[g 1] | Target system type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIX | IBM | 1986 | UNIX System V Release 3 | 7.3 | June 20, 2022 | Bundled with hardware | Per user | Server, NAS, workstation |
| AIX/370 | IBM | 1989 | IX/370 | Release 2.1? | Feb 22, 1991 | Non-free | Proprietary | IBM System/370
AIX/ESA V1 & V2 |
| AIX/ESA | IBM | 1992 | AIX/370, OSF/1 | Version 2 Release 2 | Feb 26, 1993 | Non-free | Proprietary | ESA/370 IBM System/390 |
| AmigaOS classic | Commodore International, Haage & Partner, Hyperion Entertainment | 1985 | TRIPOS (as the disk operating component of AmigaOS) | 3.2.2.1 | April 23, 2023 | Bundled with hardware up to version 3.0 (Amiga International hardware came with 3.1); versions 2.1, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9 and the more recent 3.2 (2021) also available as separate packages | Proprietary, open source clone available under AROS Public License | Workstation, personal computer |
| AmigaOS 4 | Hyperion Entertainment | 2004 | AmigaOS classic | 4.1 Final Edition Update 2.1 | January 12, 2021 | 4.0 bundled with hardware; 4.0 for classic and 4.1 available as standalone package at €29 | Proprietary | Workstation, personal computer |
| Android | Android, Inc., Google | 2008 | None | 14 | October 2, 2022 | No cost | AOSP: Apache-2.0 Linux: GPL-2.0-only |
Smartphone, tablet computer |
| ArcaOS | Arca Noae, LLC | 2017 | OS/2 | 5.1.0 | August 27, 2023 | Personal edition US$129.00 (equivalent to $151.87 in 2023) Commercial edition US$229.00 (equivalent to $269.61 in 2023) |
Proprietary | Server, workstation, personal computer |
| Classic Mac OS (retronym; had no name originally, later Macintosh System Software) | Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.) | 1984 | None[g 2][g 3] | 9.2.2 | 2000 | Discontinued; Was bundled with 68k and PowerPC Macs;
versions 7.1-9 sold as retail upgrades[1] |
Proprietary | Workstation, personal computer |
| ChromeOS | 2011 | none | 114.0.5735.205 | October 7, 2021 | Bundled with hardware, 32-bit edition dropped | Proprietary: Google OS Terms of Service. Open-source core system | Chromebook, Chromebox, Chromebase and tablet | |
| ChromiumOS | 2009 | none | Rolling release | October 7, 2021 | No cost | BSD Linux Kernel GPL-2.0-only |
Personal computer | |
| DragonFly BSD | Matthew Dillon | 2003 | FreeBSD | 6.4.0 | June 9, 2022 | No cost | BSD | Server, workstation, NAS, embedded system |
| eComStation | Serenity Systems, Mensys BV | 2001 | OS/2 | 2.1 | May 20, 2011 | Discontinued; Commercial | Proprietary | Server, workstation, personal computer |
| EPOC32 | Psion PLC | 1996 | ER5 | 1999 | Discontinued; Commercial | Proprietary | PDA | |
| EulerOS | Huawei | 2021 | None | V2.0SP8 | 2022 | No cost | Open source | Server, workstation |
| FreeBSD | The FreeBSD Project | 1993 | 386BSD | 13.2 | April 11, 2023 | No cost | BSD | Server, workstation, NAS, embedded system |
| Genode | Genode Labs | 2008 | None | 24.02[2] 
|
29 February 2024 | No cost | AGPL-3.0-only | Desktop, embedded system, server |
| GhostBSD | Eric Turgeon | 2009 | FreeBSD | 21.05[3] | May 13, 2021 | No cost | BSD | Desktop, workstation |
| Linux | Notable contributors include: Richard Stallman for GNU Project and Linus Torvalds for Linux and the Unixes they emulated; Red Hat, Debian Project See: Comparison of Linux distributions and Linux kernel#Development | 1991 (kernel), See: Comparison of Linux distributions and History of Linux | None | 6.9.5[4] (kernel)
|
16 June 2024 (kernel) | No cost | GPL-2.0-only (kernel) | See: Comparison of Linux distributions |
| Haiku | Haiku Inc. | 2002 | BeOS R5 | R1/Beta 4 | December 23, 2022 | No cost | MIT | Personal computer |
| HP NonStop | HP (now Hewlett Packard Enterprise) | 1974 | Guardian | H06.24/J06.13 | 2012 | Bundled with hardware? | Proprietary | HP Nonstop Servers |
| HP-UX | HP (now Hewlett Packard Enterprise) | 1983 | UNIX System V | HP-UX 11i v3 2023 / May 2023 | May 2022 | US$400 | Proprietary | Server |
| HarmonyOS | Huawei | 2019 | LiteOS, EMUI (Android) | 4.0.0.121 | September 26, 2023 | Bundled with hardware and updates at no cost given to most existing users, subject to hardware requirements | Proprietary software except for open-source components | Internet of things, Smartphone, tablet computer, education, embedded system, smart watches |
| IBM i | IBM | 1988 | CPF, SSP | 7.5 | May 10, 2022 | Bundled with hardware | Proprietary | Server |
| Inferno | Bell Labs | 1996 | Plan 9 | Fourth Edition | June 30, 2009 | No cost | MIT | NAS, server, embedded |
| iOS (originally iPhone OS) | Apple Inc. | 2007 | macOS | 17.1.1 | November 7, 2023 | Bundled with hardware and updates at no cost given to most existing users, subject to hardware requirements | Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (ARM versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others | Smartphone, music player, tablet |
| IRIX | SGI | 1988 | UNIX System V | 6.5.30 | 2006 | Discontinued; Bundled with hardware | Proprietary | Server, workstation |
| IX/370 | IBM | 1985 | UNIX System V | Release 1.4? | Sep 25, 1987 | Non-free | Proprietary | IBM System/370 |
| macOS (originally Mac OS X) | Apple Inc. | 2001 | NeXTSTEP, BSD | 14.0 Sonoma | September 26, 2023 | Bundled with hardware; No cost for updates and upgrades via Mac App Store for users of Mac OS X 10.6 or later | Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (Apple Silicon-Intel-PowerPC versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others | Workstation, personal computer, embedded |
| macOS Server (originally Mac OS X Server) | Apple Inc. | 2001 | NeXTSTEP, BSD | 5.12 | May 2, 2021 | Discontinued; Previously bundled with hardware; No longer a separate operating system, but a group of services installed atop any version of macOS Monterey; US$19.99 on the Mac App Store | Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (Intel-PowerPC versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others | Server |
| MCP | Unisys | 1961 | None | CP OS 20.0 | May 2021 | Bundled with hardware | Proprietary | Server |
| MenuetOS | Ville Turjanmaa and others | 2000 | None | 1.49.00 | 2023 | OS written in assembly language | GPL or No cost | Workstation |
| MINIX 3 | Andrew S. Tanenbaum | 2005 | Minix2 | 3.3.0 | 2014 | No cost | BSD-3-Clause | Workstation |
| MPE | HP | 1974 | None | MPE-V | 1988 | Discontinued; Was bundled with HP-3000 CISC hardware "Classic" | Proprietary | Server |
| MPE/XL | HP | 1987 | MPE | 7.5 | 2002 | Discontinued; Was bundled with HP-3000 PA-RISC hardware | Proprietary | Server |
| MVS (OS/VS2 R2 through R3.8) |
IBM | 1972 | OS/360 MVT, SVS | Release 3.8 | 1974 | Free (discontinued) | Open source | IBM System/370 |
| MVS (MVS/SE through MVS/ESA) |
IBM | March 1978 | OS/VS2 R3.7 for MVS/SE R1 OS/VS2 R3.8 for MVS/SE R2 through MVS/ESA |
z/OS Version 2.5 (V2R5) | September 30, 2021 | Price tied to processor capacity | One Time Charge or monthly | S/370 |
| NetBSD | The NetBSD Project | 1993 | 386BSD | 9.3 | August 4, 2022
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