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The education system in Switzerland is very diverse, because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system mainly to the cantons. The Swiss constitution sets the foundations, namely that primary school is obligatory for every child and is free in state schools and that the confederation can run or support universities.
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons but Obwalden, where it is five years and three months. After primary schools, the pupils split up according to their abilities and intentions of career paths. Roughly 25% of all students attend lower and upper secondary schools leading, normally after 12 school years in total to the federal recognized matura or an academic Baccalaureate which grants access to all universities.[citation needed] The other students split in two or more school-types, depending on the canton, differing in the balance between theoretical and practical education. It is obligatory for all children to attend school for at least 9 years.
The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel, with a faculty of medicine.[1] This place has a long tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. In total, there are 12 Universities in Switzerland; ten of them are managed by the cantons, while two federal institutes of technology, ETH in Zürich and EPFL in Lausanne, are under the authority of the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation.[2] In addition, there are seven regional associations of Universities for Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen) which require vocational education and a special Berufsmatura, or a Fachmatura (a graduation by a Fachmittelschule) to study. Switzerland has a high rate of foreign students in tertiary education including one of the highest in the world of doctoral level students.[3]
Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Didier Queloz, Michel Mayor, Kurt Wüthrich, and Jacques Dubochet have received nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners stand in relation to Switzerland and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organizations residing in Switzerland.[4][5] Geneva hosts the world's largest particle physics laboratory, the CERN.[6] Other important research centers are the Empa and Paul Scherrer Institute which belong to the ETH domain.
Primary
The obligatory school system usually includes primary education (Primarschule in German, école primaire in French, scuola primaria / elementare in Italian and scola primara in Romansh) and secondary education I (Sekundarschule or Sekundarstufe I in German, secondaire I in French and scuola secondaria / media in Italian and scola secundar in Romansh). Before that, children generally go to Kindergarten, with one or two years is required in most cantons. In the Canton of Ticino, an optional, third year is available for three-year-old children. In some German speaking cantons kindergarten and the first one or two years may be combined into a Grundstufe or Basisstufe where they are all taught together in a single class. In French speaking cantons kindergarten is combined into a four-year cycle primaire 1 or cycle 1 which is followed by a four-year cycle primaire 2 or cycle 2 which completes their primary school.[7]
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons but Obwalden, where it is five years and three months. The cantons Thurgau and Nidwalden allow five-year-olds to start primary school in exceptional cases. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school/canton. Any child can take part in school if they choose to, but pupils are separated depending on whether they speak French, German or Italian.
At around age 11–12, depending on which canton in Switzerland the child goes to school in, there could be a screening exam to decide how to separate the students for secondary school. Some cantons have a system of examination in the second semester of the final year of primary school, some cantons have an exam in second semester and continuous evaluation in both first and second semesters. In some cases, parents or legal guardians of the child are also asked for their recommendations (see Indicator C below) along with a self-evaluation done by the child. Parents' recommendation in combination with child's self-evaluation is called the third indicator (Indicator C) for evaluating the student, the first being teacher's evaluation (Indicator A), the second the results of tests (Indicator B) held in first semester. The fourth criterion is the final exam that takes place in the middle of the second semester of the final year primary school (usually held before Easter Break).[8]
Secondary
At the end of primary school (or at the beginning of secondary school), pupils are separated (see Indicator C for Fribourg under Primary School) according to their capacities and career-intentions in several (often three) sections for a period of 2–3 years (Sekundarschule) in either Pre-higher secondary school section, General section, or Basic section (Basic may be called Realschule in German or Classe d'exigence de base in French). Students who aspire for an academic career enter Mittelschule (also named Gymnasium, or Kantonsschule, a public school by the canton/state) to be prepared for further studies and the Matura (normally obtained after 12 or 13 years of school usually at the age of 18 or 19). Students intending to pursue a trade or vocation complete three to four additional years before entering Vocational Educations which are regulated by federal law and are based on a cooperation of private business offering educational job-positions and public schools offering obligatory school-lessons complementary to the on-the-job education. This so-called "dual system" splitting academic and vocational training has its continuation in the higher education system. While the academic training leads to the matura and free admission to universities, successfully completed vocational education gives access to third level of practical education, the Höhere Fachschule (Schweiz). If in addition to the vocational training the Berufsmaturitätsschule is completed the Fachhochschule may be visited instead. Rather recently introduced is a third, middle path via the Fachmittelschule which leads to a direct access to a Fachhochschule after a successful graduation of a Fachmatura.[9][10] In some cantons, students with a Fachmatura may also get access to universities after a successful additional year. In the science literacy assessment of PISA, 15-year-old students in Switzerland had the 16th highest average score of 57 countries.[citation needed]
In the lower second level, there are several different teaching and school models that may exist. Some cantons define a specific model, while others allow the individual municipalities to determine which model to follow.
| Canton | Gender | Total matura % | Gymnasium matura % | Berufsmatura % | Fachmatura % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | Total | 37.5% | 20.1% | 14.7% | 2.7% |
| Female | 42.1% | 23.7% | 14.0% | 4.5% | |
| Male | 33.1% | 16.7% | 15.4% | 1.0% | |
| Zürich | Total | 36.3% | 19.7% | 15.8% | 0.8% |
| Female | 39.7% | 23.4% | 15.0% | 1.3% | |
| Male | 33.1% | 16.2% | 16.6% | 0.4% | |
| Bern | Total | 35.4% | 17.9% | 16.3% | 1.2% |
| Female | 40.2% | 22.6% | 15.6% | 2.1% | |
| Male | 30.7% | 13.5% | 17.0% | 0.3% | |
| Lucerne | Total | 31.1% | 18.6% | 11.0% | 1.5% |
| Female | 35.4% | 21.7% | 11.0% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 26.9% | 15.5% | 11.0% | 0.4% | |
| Uri | Total | 29.7% | 14.7% | 13.1% | 1.9% |
| Female | 30.1% | 12.7% | 13.3% | 4.1% | |
| Male | 30.0% | 17.0% | 13.0% | -% | |
| Schwyz | Total | 32.9% | 17.9% | 13.6% | 1.5% |
| Female | 36.0% | 21.0% | 12.2% | 2.8% | |
| Male | 29.8% | 14.8% | 14.8% | 0.2% | |
| Obwalden | Total | 33.8% | 18.2% | 15.1% | 0.4% |
| Female | 40.7% | 22.0% | 17.8% | 0.8% | |
| Male | 27.3% | 14.4% | 12.9% | -% | |
| Nidwalden | Total | 31.3% | 16.1% | 14.3% | 0.9% |
| Female | 35.3% | 22.4% | 11.1% | 1.8% | |
| Male | 28.1% | 11.0% | 17.1% | -% | |
| Glarus | Total | 27.0% | 11.7% | 13.7% | 1.6% |
| Female | 31.4% | 15.4% | 13.3% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 22.8% | 8.2% | 14.2% | 0.4% | |
| Zug | Total | 42.2% | 21.4% | 17.9% | 2.9% |
| Female | 45.9% | 23.4% | 18.4% | 4.2% | |
| Male | 38.8% | 19.6% | 17.4% | 1.8% | |
| Fribourg | Total | 45.4% | 22.6% | 17.2% | 5.5% |
| Female | 50.4% | 26.9% | 14.5% | 9.0% | |
| Male | 40.4% | 18.7% | 19.7% | 2.1% | |
| Solothurn | Total | 30.7% | 14.7% | 12.3% | 3.8% |
| Female | 34.3% | 15.7% | 12.3% | 6.4% | |
| Male | 27.2% | 13.7% | 12.3% | 1.3% | |
| Basel-Stadt | Total | 48.4% | 32.1% | 10.6% | 5.6% |
| Female | 54.3% | 37.2% | 9.8% | 7.3% | |
| Male | 42.4% | 27.1% | 11.5% | 3.9% | |
| Basel-Landschaft | Total | 46.3% | 23.1% | 17.4% | 5.8% |
| Female | 53.0% | 27.7% | 15.4% | 9.8% | |
| Male | 39.8% | 18.6% | 19.3% | 1.9% | |
| Schaffhausen | Total | 34.4% | 15.4% | 16.1% | 2.9% |
| Female | 40.0% | 19.9% | 15.5% | 4.6% | |
| Male | 29.0% | 11.1% | 16.7% | 1.1% | |
| Appenzell Ausserrhoden |
Total | 32.4% | 17.5% | 13.4% | 1.5% |
| Female | 34.4% | 18.4% | 13.3% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 30.8% | 16.7% | 13.6% | 0.5% | |
| Appenzell Innerrhoden |
Total | 30.0% | 14.4% | 14.6% | 0.9% |
| Female | 34.8% | 19.2% | 14.7% | 0.9% | |
| Male | 26.0% | 10.4% | 14.6% | 1.0% | |
| St. Gallen | Total | 30.5% | 14.0% | 14.6% | 1.8% |
| Female | 34.0% | 16.3% | 14.1% | 3.6% | |
| Male | 27.2% | 11.9% | 15.1% | 0.2% | |
| Graubünden | Total | 37.8% | 18.6% | 17.0% | 2.2% |
| Female | 41.7% | 20.9% | 16.9% | 3.9% | |
| Male | 34.1% | 16.5% | 17.1% | 0.6% | |
| Aargau | Total | 34.2% | 15.8% | 15.7% | 2.8% |
| Female | 38.9% | 19.7% | 14.4% | 4.8% | |
| Male | 30.0% | 12.3% | 16.9% | 0.8% | |
| Thurgau | Total | 29.8% | 13.2% | 14.7% | 1.9% |
| Female | 34.9% | 16.9% | 14.3% | 3.7% | |
| Male | 25.1% | 9.7% | 15.1% | 0.3% | |
| Ticino | Total | 50.5% | 27.5% | 20.8% | 2.1% |
| Female | 55.6% | 31.1% | 21.2% | 3.2% | |
| Male | 45.6% | 24.1% | 20.4% | 1.1% | |
| Vaud | Total | 36.8% | 24.2% | 9.8% | 2.7% |
| Female | 41.3% | 27.3% | 9.4% | 4.6% | |
| Male | 32.4% | 21.2% | 10.2% | 1.0% | |
| Valais | Total | 37.1% | 16.1% | 14.8% | 6.2% |
| Female | 42.8% | 18.8% | 13.9% | 10.1% | |
| Male | 31.4% | 13.6% | 15.7% | 2.1% | |
| Neuchâtel | Total | 46.3% | 24.4% | 19.5% | 2.4% |
| Female | 52.8% | 29.0% | 20.2% | 3.6% | |
| Male | 40.2% | 20.1% | 18.7% | 1.4% | |
| Geneva | Total | 45.8% | 28.9% | 10.6% | 6.4% |
| Female | 50.6% | 33.1% | 8.6% | 8.9% | |
| Male | 41.2% | 24.9% | 12.5% | 3.9% | |
| Jura | Total | 39.3% | 22.2% | 13.8% | 3.3% |
| Female | 50.9% | 29.0% | 16.5% | 5.4% | |
| Male | 29.8% | 16.8% | 11.6% | 1.4% |
Separated model
Pupils are allocated to institutionally separate school types, according to their performance levels. The structure is based on the principle of equal capacities among pupils. Generally, each school type has its own adapted curricula, teaching material, teachers and, in some cases, its own range of subjects. In general, there are 2 to 3 school types (4 in a minority of cantons), the names of which vary. In the structure with 2 school types, a distinction is made between the performance-based group at basic level (with the least demanding requirements), and the performance-based group at advanced level. In the structure with 3 school types, there is a performance-based group at basic level, a performance-based group at intermediate level and a performance-based group at advanced level. The requirements of the performance-based group at advanced level are the most demanding and this school type generally prepares pupils for transfer to the matura schools.[12]
Cooperative model
The cooperative model is based on core classes with different performance requirements. Each pupil is assigned to a core class according to his or her performance level. The pupils attend lessons in certain subjects in differentiated requirement-based groups (whereby the core classes are mixed).[12]
Integrated model
The integrated model does not use different school types or core classes. Pupils with different performance levels attend the same class and mixing is maintained. In certain subjects, teaching occurs on differentiated requirement-based levels.[12]
International education
As of March 2016, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)[13] listed Switzerland as having 103 international schools.[14] ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."[14] This definition is used by publications including The Economist.[15]
Switzerland was the birthplace of the International Baccalaureate in 1968[16] and 50 schools in Switzerland offer one or more of the IB programmes (Primary, Middle Years, Diploma and Career-related Programmes).[17]
Tertiary
Tertiary education depends on the education chosen in secondary education. For students with a matura, university is the most common one. Apprentices who attended a vocational high school will often add a Fachhochschule or a Höhere Fachschule to their curriculum.
There are 14 public and generic universities in Switzerland, 10 of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. Of the remaining 4 institutions, 2 are run by the Swiss Confederation and are known as "Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology".
Switzerland is well known for its advanced business education system. A number of world-class universities and MBA programmes, such as the International Institute for Management Development, HEC Lausanne, University of St. Gallen, Kalaidos FH and University of Zurich belong to that category. All of them are also registered in the Financial Times ranking. See also the list of universities in Switzerland.
Switzerland has a high rate of international students. In 2013, 16.9% of the total tertiary enrollment in Switzerland came from outside the country, a rate that is the 10th highest of the 291 countries included in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This rate was just higher than Austria (16.8) and just lower than the United Kingdom (17.5). However, due to the much smaller tertiary system in Switzerland their 47,000 foreign tertiary enrollments are dwarfed by much larger countries such as the United States (740,000), the United Kingdom (416,000), France (228,000) and Germany (196,000).[18] Many international students attend Swiss universities for advanced degrees. In 2013 masters programs enrolled about 27% foreign students (fourth highest rate) and doctoral programs were 52% foreign (second behind Luxembourg).[3]
Switzerland also has a high rate of PhD students and inhabitants with doctoral degrees. In 2014 Switzerland had the highest rate of inhabitants (2.98%) with doctoral degrees in the world.[18] In 2010, with 2.5%, Switzerland had the second-highest rate of inhabitants with doctoral degrees in Europe.[19] In 2008, the number of students graduating with a PhD was 3209 (up from 2822 in 2000) of which 45% were foreigners (up from 31% in 2000).[19]