A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Aerial photo from 2007 | |
 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Location | Ōkuma, Fukushima |
| Coordinates | 37°25′23″N 141°01′59″E / 37.42306°N 141.03306°E |
| Status | Being decommissioned |
| Construction began | July 25, 1967 |
| Commission date | March 26, 1971 |
| Decommission date |
|
| Owner(s) | |
| Operator(s) | Tokyo Electric Power Company |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactor type | BWR |
| Reactor supplier | General Electric Toshiba Hitachi |
| Power generation | |
| Units cancelled | 2 × 1,380 MW |
| Units decommissioned | 1 × 460 MW (Unit 1) 4 × 784 MW (Units 2, 3, 4 and 5) 1 × 1,100 MW (unit 6) |
| Nameplate capacity | 5,306 MW (1979–2011) |
| External links | |
| Website | www |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (福島第一原子力発電所, Fukushima Daiichi Genshiryoku Hatsudensho, Fukushima number 1 nuclear power plant) is a disabled nuclear power plant located on a 3.5-square-kilometre (860-acre) site[1] in the towns of Ōkuma and Futaba in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The plant suffered major damage from the magnitude 9.1 earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011. The chain of events caused radiation leaks and permanently damaged several of its reactors, making them impossible to restart. The working reactors were not restarted after the events.
First commissioned in 1971, the plant consists of six boiling water reactors. These light water reactors[2] drove electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GWe, making Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. Fukushima was the first nuclear plant to be designed, constructed, and run in conjunction with General Electric and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).[3] The sister nuclear plant Fukushima Daini ("number two"), 12 km (7.5 mi) to the south, is also run by TEPCO. It also suffered serious damage during the tsunami, at the seawater intakes of all four units, but was successfully shut down and brought to a safe state. See the timeline of the Fukushima II nuclear accidents.[4]
The March 2011 disaster disabled the reactor cooling systems, leading to releases of radioactivity and triggering a 30 km (19 mi) evacuation zone surrounding the plant; the releases continue to this day. On April 20, 2011, the Japanese authorities declared the 20 km (12 mi) evacuation zone a no-go area which may only be entered under government supervision. In November 2011, the first journalists were allowed to visit the plant. They described a scene of devastation in which three of the reactor buildings were destroyed; the grounds were covered with mangled trucks, crumpled water tanks and other debris left by the tsunami; and radioactive levels were so high that visitors were only allowed to stay for a few hours.[5]
In April 2012, Units 1–4 were shut down. Units 2–4 were shut down on April 19, while Unit 1 was the last of these four units to be shut down on April 20 at midnight.[citation needed] In December 2013 TEPCO decided none of the undamaged units will reopen. In April 2021, the Japanese government approved the discharge of radioactive water, which has been treated to remove radionuclides other than tritium, into the Pacific Ocean over the course of 30 years.[6]
Power plant information
The reactors for Units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric, those for Units 3 and 5 by Toshiba, and Unit 4 by Hitachi. All six reactors were designed by General Electric.[7][8] Architectural design for General Electric's units was done by Ebasco. All construction was done by Kajima.[9] Since September 2010, Unit 3 has been fueled by a small fraction (6%)[10] of plutonium containing mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, rather than the low enriched uranium (LEU) used in the other reactors.[11][12] Units 1–5 were built with Mark I type (light bulb torus) containment structures.[13][14] The Mark I containment structure was slightly increased in volume by Japanese engineers.[15] Unit 6 has a Mark II type (over/under) containment structure.[13][14][16]
Unit 1 is a 460 MWe boiling water reactor (BWR-3) constructed in July 1967. It commenced commercial electrical production on March 26, 1971, and was initially scheduled for shutdown in early 2011.[17] In February 2011, Japanese regulators granted an extension of ten years for the continued operation of the reactor.[18] It was damaged during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[19]
Unit 1 was designed for a peak ground acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a response spectrum based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake, but rated for 0.498 g.[13][20] The design basis for Units 3 and 6 were 0.45 g (4.41 m/s2) and 0.46 g (4.48 m/s2) respectively.[21] All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when the ground acceleration was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was discovered.[13] The design basis for tsunamis was 5.7 metres (18 ft 8 in).[22]
The reactor's emergency diesel generators and DC batteries, crucial components in helping keep the reactors cool in the event of a power loss, were located in the basements of the reactor turbine buildings. The reactor design plans provided by General Electric specified placing the generators and batteries in that location, but mid-level engineers working on the construction of the plant were concerned that this made the backup power systems vulnerable to flooding. TEPCO elected to strictly follow General Electric's design in the construction of the reactors.[23]
Site layout
・Unit 6: direction of Sōma
・Unit 4: direction of Iwaki
The plant is on a bluff which was originally 35 meters above sea level. During construction, however, TEPCO lowered the height of the bluff by 25 meters. One reason for lowering the bluff was to allow the base of the reactors to be constructed on solid bedrock in order to mitigate the threat posed by earthquakes. Another reason was the lowered height would keep the running costs of the seawater pumps low. TEPCO's analysis of the tsunami risk when planning the site's construction determined that the lower elevation was safe because the sea wall would provide adequate protection for the maximum tsunami assumed by the design basis. However, the lower site elevation did increase the vulnerability for a tsunami larger than anticipated in design.[24]
The Fukushima Daiichi site is divided into two reactor groups, the leftmost group – when viewing from the ocean – contains units 4, 3, 2 and 1 going from left to right. The rightmost group – when viewing from the ocean – contains the newer units 5 and 6, respectively, the positions from left to right. A set of seawalls protrude into the ocean, with the water intake in the middle and water discharge outlets on either side.
-
Aerial view of the Fukushima I plant area in 1975, showing sea walls and completed reactors -
Closeup of Units 4, 3, 2 and 1 -
Major buildings -
Illustration of post-accident state of 1–4 reactors, all but 2 display obvious damage to secondary containment
.PNG)
Reactor data
Units 7 and 8 were planned to start construction in April 2012 and 2013 and to come into operation in October 2016 and 2017 respectively. The project was formally canceled by TEPCO in April 2011 after local authorities questioned the fact that they were still included in the supply plan for 2011, released in March 2011, after the accidents. The company stated that the plan had been drafted before the earthquake.[25]
| Unit[26] | Type[27] (Containment) |
Net power[28] | Start construction[28] | First criticality[28] | Commercial operation[28] | Shutdown[28] | NSSS[27] | A-E[9] | Builder[9] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | BWR-3 (Mark I) |
439 MW | July 25, 1967 | October 10, 1970 | March 26, 1971 | May 19, 2011 | General Electric | Ebasco | Kajima |
| 2 | BWR-4 (Mark I) |
760 MW | June 9, 1969 | May 10, 1973 | July 18, 1974 | May 19, 2011 | General Electric | Ebasco | Kajima |
| 3 | BWR-4 (Mark I) |
760 MW | December 28, 1970 | September 6, 1974 | March 27, 1976 | May 19, 2011 | Toshiba | Toshiba | Kajima |
| 4 | BWR-4 (Mark I) |
760 MW | February 12, 1973 | January 28, 1978 | October 12, 1978 | May 19, 2011 | Hitachi | Hitachi | Kajima |
| 5 | BWR-4 (Mark I) |
760 MW | May 22, 1972 | August 26, 1977 | April 18, 1978 | December 17, 2013 | Toshiba | Toshiba | Kajima |
| 6 | BWR-5 (Mark II) |
1067 MW | October 26, 1973 | March 9, 1979 | October 24, 1979 | December 17, 2013 | General Electric | Ebasco | Kajima |
| 7 (planned) | ABWR | 1380 MW | Canceled 04/2011 | Planned 10/2016 | |||||
| 8 (planned) | ABWR | 1380 MW | Canceled 04/2011 | Planned 10/2017 |
Electrical connections
The Fukushima Daiichi plant is connected to the power grid by four lines, the 500 kV Futaba Line (双葉線), the two 275 kV Ōkuma Lines (大熊線) and the 66 kV Yonomori Line (夜の森線) to the Shin-Fukushima (New Fukushima) substation.
The Shin-Fukushima substation also connects to the Fukushima Daini plant by the Tomioka Line (富岡線). Its major connection to the north is the Iwaki Line (いわき幹線), which is owned by Tohoku Electric Power. It has two connections to the south-west that connect it to the Shin-Iwaki substation (新いわき).[citation needed]
Operating history
.jpg)
The plant reactors came online one at a time beginning in 1970 and the last in 1979. From the end of 2002 through 2005, the reactors were among those shut down for a time for safety checks due to the TEPCO data falsification scandal.[29][30] On February 28, 2011, TEPCO submitted a report to the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency admitting that the company had previously submitted fake inspection and repair reports. The report revealed that TEPCO failed to inspect more than 30 technical components of the six reactors, including power boards for the reactor's temperature control valves, as well as components of cooling systems such as water pump motors and emergency power diesel generators.[31] In 2008, the IAEA warned Japan that the Fukushima plant was built using outdated safety guidelines, and could be a "serious problem" during a large earthquake.[32] The warning led to the building of an emergency response center in 2010, used during the response to the 2011 nuclear accident.[32][33]
On April 5, 2011, TEPCO vice president Takashi Fujimoto announced that the company was canceling plans to build Reactors No. 7 and 8.[34][35] On May 20 TEPCO's board of directors' officially voted to decommission Units 1 through 4 of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and to cancel plans to build units 7 and 8. It refused however to make a decision regarding units 5 and 6 of the station or units 1 to 4 of the Fukushima Daini nuclear power station until a detailed investigation is made. In December 2013 TEPCO decided to decommission the undamaged units 5 and 6; they may be used to test remote clean-up methods before use on the damaged reactors.[36]
| Year | Unit 1 | Unit 2 | Unit 3 | Unit 4 | Unit 5 | Unit 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 60.482 | |||||
| 1971 | 2024.3 | |||||
| 1972 | 2589.1 | |||||
| 1973 | 2216.8 | 5.949 | ||||
| 1974 | 1629.7 | 3670.1 | 284.7 | |||
| 1975 | 0 | 622.1 | 2961.8 | |||
| 1976 | 1563.9 | 4191.4 | 4807.1 | |||
| 1977 | 0 | 49.7 | 2171.1 | 875.1 | ||
| 1978 | 1497.6 | 3876.3 | 2753.7 | 3163.2 | 4806.7 | |
| 1979 | 2504.4 | 2976 | 4916.3 | 3917.4 | 3898.6 | 3235.6 |
| 1980 | 1249.5 | 2889 | 4287 | 4317 | 4282.6 | 6441.1 |
| 1981 | 1084.8 | 3841.8 | 3722.8 | 4667.5 | 4553.9 | 7418.6 |
| 1982 | 2355 | 5290.2 | 2886.8 | 5734.7 | 4061.3 | 6666.5 |
| 1983 | 3019.5 | 3422.7 | 4034 | 4818.2 | 5338.8 | 5387.8 |
| 1984 | 2669.761 | 3698.718 | 4497.326 | 4433.166 | 4691.482 | 5933.242 |
| 1985 | 1699.287 | 4266.285 | 5798.641 | 4409.031 | 4112.429 | 5384.802 |
| 1986 | 2524.683 | 5541.101 | 4234.196 | 4315.241 | 4157.361 | 7783.537 |
| 1987 | 3308.888 | 3851.078 | 3748.839 | 5964.048 | 3995.012 | 7789.201 |
| 1988 | 2794.464 | 4101.251 | 5122.991 | 5309.892 | 5952.712 | 5593.058 |
| 1989 | 1440.778 | 6516.393 | 5706.694 | 4232.648 | 4766.535 | 5128.362 |
| 1990 | 2352.405 | 3122.761 | 2919.548 | 4273.767 | 3956.549 | 7727.073 |
| 1991 | 1279.986 | 3853.054 | 4491.022 | 6483.384 | 6575.818 | 6948.662 |
| 1992 | 1794.061 | 4568.531 | 6098.742 | 4082.747 | 4841.234 | 5213.607 |
| 1993 | 2500.668 | 4186.704 | 4204.301 | 4206.577 | 4059.685 | 6530.932 |
| 1994 | 3337.532 | 2265.961 | 4202.304 | 6323.277 | 4246.206 | 8079.391 |
| 1995 | 3030.829 | 6396.469 | 5966.533 | 5485.662 | 5878.681 | 6850.839 |
| 1996 | 2298.589 | 5192.318 | 4909.655 | 4949.891 | 5666.866 | 6157.765 |
| 1997 | 3258.913 | 4618.869 | 2516.651 | 4556.81 | 4609.382 | 9307.735 |
| 1998 | 3287.231 | 3976.16 | 2632.682 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant