A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
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A third-person pronoun is a pronoun that refers to an entity other than the speaker or listener.[1] Some languages with gender-specific pronouns have them as part of a grammatical gender system, a system of agreement where most or all nouns have a value for this grammatical category. A few languages with gender-specific pronouns, such as English, Afrikaans, Defaka, Khmu, Malayalam, Tamil, and Yazgulyam, lack grammatical gender; in such languages, gender usually adheres to "natural gender", which is often based on biological sex.[2] Other languages, including most Austronesian languages, lack gender distinctions in personal pronouns entirely, as well as any system of grammatical gender.[1]
In languages with pronominal gender, problems of usage may arise in contexts where a person of unspecified or unknown social gender is being referred to but commonly available pronouns are gender-specific. Different solutions to this issue have been proposed and used in various languages.
Overview of grammar patterns in languages
No gender distinctions in personal pronouns
Many languages of the world (including most Austronesian languages, many East Asian languages, the Quechuan languages, and the Uralic languages[1]) do not have gender distinctions in personal pronouns, just as most of them lack any system of grammatical gender. In others, such as many of the Niger–Congo languages, there is a system of grammatical gender (or noun classes), but the divisions are based on classifications other than sex, such as animacy, rationality, or countability.[3] In Swahili, for example, the independent third person pronoun yeye 'she/he' can be used to refer to a female or male being. What matters in this case is that the referent belongs to the animate class (i.e humans or non-human animals) as opposed to an inanimate class.[4][5] Since pronouns do not distinguish the social gender of the referent, they are considered neutral in this kind of system.[6]
Grammatical gender
In other languages – including most Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages – third-person personal pronouns (at least those used to refer to people) intrinsically distinguish male from female. This feature commonly co-exists with a full system of grammatical gender, where all nouns are assigned to classes such as masculine, feminine and neuter.
In languages with grammatical gender, even pronouns which are semantically gender-neutral may be required to take a gender for such purposes as grammatical agreement. Thus in French, for example, the first- and second-person personal pronouns may behave as either masculine or feminine depending on the sex of the referent; and indefinite pronouns such as quelqu'un ('someone') and personne ('no one') are treated conventionally as masculine, even though personne as a noun ('person') is only feminine regardless of the sex of the referent. (See Grammatical gender § Grammatical gender can be realized on pronouns.) There are both direct and indirect options for nonbinary referents, although the use of some forms is contested.[7]
Example of agreement in a language with grammatical gender[8]
(1) Les tomates, elles sont encore vertes. Formal French
'The tomatoes, they are still green.' FP,
(Lambrecht 1981:40, cited by Gelderen, 2022, p. 33)
(2) C'est que chacun, il a sa manière de ... Swiss spoken French
'Everyone has his own way of ...'
(Fronseca-Greber 2000:338, cited by Gelderen, 2022, p. 33)
Gender distinctions only in third-person pronouns
A grammatical gender system can erode as observed in languages such as Odia (formerly Oriya), English and Persian.[9] In English, a general system of noun gender has been lost, but gender distinctions are preserved in the third-person singular pronouns. This means that the relation between pronouns and nouns is no longer syntactically motivated in the system at large. Instead, the choice of anaphoric pronouns is controlled by referential gender or social gender.[10]
Example of agreement in English[11]
(3) Maryi described Billj to herselfi.
(4) Johnj came in and hej was wearing a hat.
Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage
Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage commonly arise in situations where it is necessary to choose between gender-specific pronouns, even though the sex of the person or persons being referred to is not known, not specified, or (for plurals) mixed. In English and many other languages, the masculine form has sometimes served as the default or unmarked form; that is, masculine pronouns have been used in cases where the referent or referents are not known to be (all) female.[12] This collective masculine is also the case in ancient languages, like Classical Greek and Biblical Hebrew and have influenced the modern forms. This leads to sentences such as (5a) in English, and (6a) in French.
Example of gender-neutral masculine: English
(5) a. If anybody comes, tell him. masculine him used to refer to a person of unknown sex
b. *If anybody comes, tell her. feminine her is not used to refer to a person of unknown sex
Example of collective masculine: French
(6) a. Vos amis sont arrivés — Ils étaient en avance.
'Your friends have arrived - they were early.'
Note: plural masculine ils used if group has men and women
b. Vos amies sont arrivées — Elles étaient en avance.
'Your friendsFEM have arrivedFEM - theyFEM were early.'
Note: plural feminine elles used if group has only women;
noun is feminine (amies), as is past participle (arrivées)
As early as 1795, dissatisfaction with the convention of the collective masculine led to calls for gender-neutral pronouns, and attempts to invent pronouns for this purpose date back to at least 1850, although the use of singular they as a natural gender-neutral pronoun in English has persisted since the 14th century.[13]
Gender-neutral pronouns in modern standard English
The English language has gender-specific personal pronouns in the third-person singular. The masculine pronoun is he (with the related forms him, his and himself); the feminine is she (with the related forms her, hers and herself); the neuter is it (with the related forms its and itself). The third-person plural they (and its related forms them, their, themselves) are gender-neutral and can also be used to refer to singular, personal antecedents, as in (7).
(7) Where a recipient of an allowance under section 4 absents themself from Canada,
payment of the allowance shall ...[14]
Generally speaking, he refers to males, and she refers to females. When a person has adopted a persona of a different gender (such as when acting or performing in drag), pronouns with the gender of the persona are used. In gay slang, the gender of pronouns is sometimes reversed (gender transposition).[citation needed]
She and he are normally used for humans; use of it can be dehumanizing, and, more importantly, implies a lack of gender even if one is present, and is usually, thus, inappropriate. It is sometimes used to refer to a baby or a child in a generic sense as in response to the question What is it? when a baby has been born: -It's a girl/boy. However, when talking to parents of intersex babies, some doctors are advised to use your baby instead.[15] It is often used for non-human animals of unknown sex, but he or she is frequently used for a non-human animal with a known sex. He or she are also for a non-human animal who is referred to by a proper name, as in (8) where Fido is understood to be the name of a dog.[16] At least one grammar states that he or she is obligatory for animals referred to by a proper name.[16]
(8) Fido adores his blanket.
The other English pronouns (the first- and second-person personal pronouns I, we, you, etc.; the third-person plural personal pronoun they; the indefinite pronouns one, someone, anyone, etc.; and others) do not make male–female gender distinctions; that is, they are gender-neutral. The only distinction made is between personal and non-personal reference (someone vs. something, anyone vs. anything, who vs. what, whoever vs. whatever, etc.).
She is sometimes used for named ships and countries; this may be considered old-fashioned and is in decline.[citation needed] In some local dialects and casual speech she and he are used for various objects and named vehicles (like a personal car). Animate objects like robots and voice assistants are often assumed to have a gender and sometimes have a name with a matching gender. (See Gender in English § Metaphorical gender.)
For people who are transgender, style guides and associations of journalists and health professionals advise use of the pronoun preferred or considered appropriate by the person in question.[17][18][19] When dealing with clients or patients, health practitioners are advised to take note of the pronouns used by the individuals themselves,[20] which may involve using different pronouns at different times.[21][22][23] This is also extended to the name preferred by the person referred to.[23][24][25] LGBTQ+ advocacy groups also advise using the pronouns and names preferred or considered appropriate by the person referred to.[26] They further recommend avoiding gender confusion when referring to the background of transgender people, such as using a title or rank to avoid a gendered pronoun or name.[27]
For English, there is no universal agreement on a gender-neutral third-person pronoun which could be used for a person whose gender is unknown or who is a non-binary gender identity; various alternatives are described in the following sections.
Singular they as a gender-neutral pronoun
Since at least the 14th century, they (including related forms such as them, their, theirs, themselves, and themself) has been used with a plural verb form to refer to a singular antecedent.[28] This usage is known as the singular they, as it is equivalent to the corresponding singular form of the pronoun.[29]
(9) There's not a man I meet but doth salute me
As if I were their well-acquainted friend
<(William Shakespeare, A Comedy of Errors, 1623)[30]
instead of: As if I were his well-acquainted friend
(10) Every fool can do as they're bid.
<(Jonathan Swift, Polite Conversation, 1738)[30]
instead of: Every fool can do as he's bid.
(11) Both sisters were uncomfortable enough.
Each felt for the other, and of course for themselves.
<(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813)[30]
instead of: Each felt for the other, and of course for herself.
Prescription against singular they has historically impacted more formal registers of writing. Conversely, to the present day, singular they continues to be attested in both speech and less formal registers of writing in British and American English.[31][30] Recent corpus data suggest that English dialects in Hong Kong, India, and Singapore use this epicene less than British English.[32] The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary include the following examples among the possible uses of singular they, which they note is not universally adopted by all speakers.
(12) Anyone who arrives at the door can let themself in using this key.[33]
(13) I knew certain things about ... the person I was interviewing ...
They had adopted their gender-neutral name a few years ago,
when they began to consciously identify as nonbinary ...
(Amy Harmon)[34]
While many speakers recognize the need for gender neutral pronouns, they nevertheless deem referential singular they, as in (13), ungrammatical or unfit for the job due to the ambiguity it can create in certain contexts.[35] New pronouns such as ve (used in Science Fiction) and ze/hir have been proposed in order to avoid the perceived limitations of singular they.[36] Currently, these new pronouns are only used by a small percentage of speakers while singular they remains the most widely selected option.[37]
Antecedents for singular they
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Generally speaking, there are three kinds of antecedents with which the singular they can be used.[38]
- In (14), singular they occurs with a quantified singular antecedent or a singular antecedent of unknown gender.
- In (15), singular they occurs with a singular antecedent known to be nonbinary or ungendered.
- In (16), singular they occurs with a singular antecedent of any gender, with no restriction on description or name.
In examples (14-16), subscripti indicates coreference; moreover, examples such as (15) and (16) are sometimes referred to as 'referential they'.[39][40]
(14) a. Anyonei who thinks theyi need more time should ask for an extension.[38] b. The personi at the door left before I could see who theyi were.[38]
(15) a. Kellyi said theyi were leaving early.[38] b. The strongest studenti will present theiri paper next.[38]
.jpg)
(16) a. Mariai wants to send theiri students on the field trip.[38] b. We heard from Arthuri that theyi needed time to think about the idea.[38] c. We asked i to introduce themself/themselvesi.[38] d. Your brotheri called to say theyi would be late.[38]
Speaker variation
In the twenty-first century, syntactic research differentiates three groups of English speakers which can be identified, based on their judgments about pronoun usage for (14), (15) and (16).[30][38]
- Group A speakers judge only (14) to be acceptable. Such speakers reject "referential" singular when they know the referent's binary gender, which is taken to indicate that gender features are contrastive in their lexicons. For this group of speakers, usage of singular they in (14) is acceptable to because the quantified antecedent anyone and the definite description the person lack a gender specification.
- Group B speakers judge both (14) and (15) to be acceptable. For these speakers, gender is thought to still be contrastive in their lexicons; however, they have created special entries for individuals that use the singular they pronoun.
- Group C speakers judge (14), (15) and (16) to be acceptable. It has been proposed that gender is losing its featural contrast in these speakers' lexicons.
| antecedent | group A usage | group B usage | group C usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| quantified, or gender is unknown, (14) | yes | yes | yes |
| nonbinary or ungendered, (15) | no | yes | yes |
| any gender, (16) | no | no | yes |
A recent study by Kirby Conrod found these speaker groups to be correlated with age and gender identity.[39] Relative to age, participants of all ages accepted the usage in (14), whereas younger participants rated usage of referential they in (15) and (16) higher than did their older counterparts. Relative to gender identity, non-binary and transgender participants rated referential they higher than did cisgender participants. Elsewhere, cisgender speakers with at least one trans or non-binary family member have also been found to rate all three cases as acceptable.[38] Another study found a correlation between resistance to the second and third uses and prescriptivist attitudes about language.[41]
Work by Keir Moulton and colleagues, published in 2020, has also found that the presence of a linguistic antecedent — which is the case for examples (14), (15), and (16) — significantly improves the acceptability judgments of singular they. In sentences with a linguistic antecedent, such as (17a), the use of singular they is judged to be equally acceptable whether or not the hearer knows the (binary) gender of the referent. In sentences where singular they is purely deictic and has no linguistic antecedent, such as (17b), the use of singular they is judged to be less acceptable than the use of a singular gendered pronoun (such as he or she) when the hearer knows the referent's (binary) gender. The authors suggest that the use of a gender-neutral antecedent (e.g. server or reporter) may signal the irrelevance of gender in the discourse context, making singular they more acceptable. Additionally, having a linguististic antecedent clarified that the speaker was referring to a singular antecedent, rather than a plural one. In the deictic case, without a linguistic antecedent, these signals were not overt, and the speakers' judgment depended more on their experience with the pronoun itself.[40]
Type of antecedent affects acceptability of singular their (subscript i denotes coreference)[40]
(17) a. The reporteri said that theiri cellphone was recording the whole interview.
Note: judged as more acceptable
b. Theyi said that theiri cellphone was recording the whole interview.
Note: judged as less acceptable
Another study found an effect of social distance on speaker judgments of singular they use.[42] Usage was judged to be more acceptable when the speaker was not personally close with the referent, compared to use for referents with whom the speaker was personally close.[42] The authors suggested that, in the former case, the referent's gender may be less likely to be known or relevant.[42]
Reference to males and females
Generic he
Forms of the pronoun he were used for both males and females during the Middle English and Modern English periods. Susanne Wagner observed that "There was rather an extended period of time in the history of the English language when the choice of a supposedly masculine personal pronoun (him) said nothing about the gender or sex of the referent."[43] An early example of prescribing the use of he to refer to a person of unknown gender is Anne Fisher's 1745 grammar book A New Grammar.[44] Older editions of Fowler also took this view.[45] This usage continues to this day:
(18) a. The customer brought his purchases to the cashier for checkout.
b. In a supermarket, a customer can buy anything he needs.
c. When a customer argues, always agree with him.
This may be compared to usage of the word man for humans in general (although that was the original sense of the word "man" in the Germanic languages, much as the Latin word for "human in general", homo, came to mean "male human"—which was vir, in Latin—in most of the Romance languages).
(19) a. All men are created equal.
b. Man cannot live by bread alone.
The use, in formal English, of he, him or his as a gender-neutral pronoun has traditionally been considered grammatically correct.[46] For example, William Safire in his "On Language" column in The New York Times approved of the use of generic he, mentioning the mnemonic phrase "the male embraces the female".[47] A reader replied with an example of use of the purportedly gender-neutral he, as in (20). Such examples point to the fact indiscriminate use of generic he leads to non-sensical violations of semantic gender agreement.[48]
(20) "The average American needs the small routines of getting ready for work.
As he shaves or blow-dries his hair or pulls on his panty-hose,
he is easing himself by small stages into the demands of the day."
(C. Badendyck, The New York Times (1985);[49] as quoted by Miller and Swift.[48])
The use of generic he has increasingly been a source of controversy, as it can be perceived as reflecting a positive bias towards men and a male-centric society, and a negative bias against women.[50] In some contexts, the use of he, him or his as a gender-neutral pronoun may give a jarring or ridiculous impression:
(21) a. "... everyone will be able to decide for himself whether or not to have an abortion."
(Albert Bleumenthal, N.Y. State Assembly (cited in Longman 1984,
as quoted in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage[51]
b. "... the ideal that every boy and girl should be so equipped
that he shall not be handicapped in his struggle for social progress..."
(C. C. Fries, American English Grammar (1940), quoted in Reader's Digest 1983;
as cited in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage[51]
c. "... She and Louis had a game—who could find the ugliest photograph of himself."
(Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (1971), quoted in Reader's Digest 1983;
as cited in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage)[51]
The use of generic he has also been seen as prejudicial by some, as in the following cases:
- The Massachusetts Medical Society effectively blocked membership of female physicians on the grounds that the society's by-laws used the pronoun he when referring to members.[48]
- The Persons Case, the legal battle over whether Canadian women counted as legal persons eligible to sit in the Senate, partially turned on use of "he" to refer to a (generic) person qualified to be a senator.[52]
Avoidance of the generic he is seen by proponents of non-sexist writing as indicating that the purportedly gender-neutral he is in fact not gender-neutral since it "brings a male image to mind".[48] The same would apply to the generic she, bringing a female image to mind. She has traditionally been used as a generic pronoun when making generalizations about people belonging to a group when most members of that group are assumed to be female:[48]
(22) a. A secretary should keep her temper in check.
b. A nurse must always be kind to her patients.
The 19th and 20th centuries saw an upsurge in consciousness and advocacy of gender equality, and this has led in particular to advocacy for gender-neutral language. In this context, the usage of generic he has declined in favor of other alternatives.
He or she, (s)he
To disambiguate contexts where a referent encompasses both males and females, periphrasis is used. Though cumbersome, this solution is attested with the full range of English pronouns, include the subject pronouns he or she (23), the object pronouns him or her (24), the possessive pronoun his or hers (25), and the reflective pronouns himself or herself (26). In writing, these periphrastic forms are sometimes abbreviated to he/she, (s)he, s/he, him/her, his/her, himself/herself, hers/his, but are not easily abbreviated in verbal communication.[53] With the exception of (s)he and s/he, a writer does in principle have the choice of which pronoun to place first. However, usage indicates that the masculine pronouns is most often mentioned first.
(23) a. If any employee needs to take time off,
s/he should contact the Personnel Department.[53]
b. Talk to your doctor and see if s/he knows of any local groups.[54]
c. Each employee must sign the register when she/he enters or leaves.[55]
d. Read to children and let them participate from time to time by telling them what
they think the author would add if she or he was present with them.[56]
(24) a. How often do you perform small acts of kindness for your partner
(like making him or her coffee in the morning)?.[57]
b. Clearly, no one in the entire United States simply meets someone,
talks with him or her a while, and falls in love any more.[58]
(25) a. We must fight the tradition that forces the actor to accept poverty
as a precondition of his or her profession.[56]
b.
(26) a. ... at the collegiate level the student must advocate for himself or herself.[59] b. ... no student, of any background, should be expected at the outset to recognize him or herself in it.[60] c. Everyone will improve him/herself in his/her area ...[61]
Some observers, such as the linguist James McCawley, suggest that the use of periphrastic forms may promote stereotypes: "he and she the standard sexual stereotypes if you say he or she, you imply that women aren't included unless they are specifically mentioned, and you make it easier to talk about cases where only one sex is included than where both are."[62]
Alternation of she and he
Authors sometimes employ rubrics[according to whom?] for selecting she or he such as:
- Use the gender of the primary author.
- Alternate between "she" and "he".
- Alternate by paragraph or chapter.
- Use she and he to make distinctions between two groups of people.
It as a gender-neutral pronoun
Old English had grammatical gender, and thus commonly used "it" for people, even where they were clearly female or male:
- cild (meaning 'child') had grammatical neuter gender, as did compound words formed from it, e.g. wæpnedcild 'male-child' and wifcild 'female-child'. All three were pronominalized by the neuter pronoun it (hit).
- wif (meaning "female", modern "wife") had grammatical neuter gender, and so were pronominalized by the neuter pronoun it "it". When wif was the non-head member of a compound — as with wifmann 'female-person', modern 'woman' — the gender of the compound was determined by the head of the compound, in this case mann, which had grammatical masculine gender, and so was pronominalized by the masculine pronoun he.[63]
Over time, English gradually developed a system of natural gender (gender based on semantic meaning) which now holds sway in Modern English.[64]
For human children
In Modern English, pronouns referring to adult humans are typically gendered: feminine she, masculine he. However, in some contexts, children may be referred to with the gender-neutral pronoun it. When not referring specifically to children, it is not generally applied to people, even in cases where their gender is unknown.
The 1985 edition of the Quirk et al. grammar observes that whereas he and she are used for entities treated as people (including anthropomorphized entities), the pronoun it is normally used for entities not regarded as persons. But the pronoun it can be used of children in some circumstances, for instance when the sex is indefinite or when the writer has no emotional connection to the child, as in a scientific context lsuch as (26).[65] According to The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing (1995), it is also sometimes the "obvious" choice for children.[66] Examples given include (27a), and the more colloquial (27b). It may even be used when the child's sex is known: In the passage given in (27c), the characters refer to the boy-child at the center of the narrative as a he, but then the narrator refers to it as an it. In this case, the child has yet to be developed into a character that can communicate with the reader.
(27) a. A child learns to speak the language of its environment.
(Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985), p. 316–317, 342)
b. To society, a baby's sex is second in importance to its health.
(Miller & Swift, The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing (1995), p. 58)
c. "He looks like nobody but himself," said Mrs. Owens, firmly.
... It was then that ... the child opened its eyes wide in wakefulness.
It stared around it ...
(Neil Gaiman, The Graveyard Book (2008), p. 25)
For non-human animals
The Quirk et al. 1985 grammar states that the use of gendered he or she is optional for non-human animals of known sex.[65] It gives the following example, which illustrates the use of both the gender-neutral possessive its and the gendered possessive her to refer to a bird:
(28) The robin builds its nest in a well-chosen position ...
and, after the eggs have hatched, the mother bird feeds her young there for several weeks ...
(Quirk et al., A comprehensive grammar of the English language (1985), p. 316–317, 342)
One as a gender-neutral pronoun
Another gender-neutral pronoun that can be used to refer to people is the impersonal pronoun "one". This can be used in conjunction with the generic he according to the preference and style of the writer.
- Each student should save his questions until the end.
- One should save one's questions until the end.
- One should save his questions until the end.
In everyday language, generic you is often used instead of one:
- You should save your questions until the end.
Historical, regional, and proposed gender-neutral singular pronouns
Historically, there were two gender-neutral pronouns native to English dialects, ou and (h)a.[67] According to Dennis Baron's Grammar and Gender:[68]
In 1789, William H. Marshall records the existence of a dialectal English epicene pronoun, singular "ou": "'Ou will' expresses either he will, she will, or it will." Marshall traces "ou" to Middle English epicene "a", used by the 14th century English writer John of Trevisa, and both the OED and Wright's English Dialect Dictionary confirm the use of "a" for he, she, it, they, and even I. This "a" is a reduced form of the Anglo-Saxon he = "he" and heo = "she".
Relics of these gender-neutral terms survive in some British dialects of Modern English — for example hoo for 'she', in Yorkshire — and sometimes a pronoun of one gender can be applied to a human or non-human animal of the opposite gender.
- hoo is also sometimes used in the West Midlands and south-west England as a common gender pronoun[69]
- er can be used in place of either he or she in some West Country dialects, although only in weak (unstressed) positions such as in tag questions[70]
- hye could refer to either he[71] or she[72] in Essex in the south-east of England, in the Middle English period
- yo: a 2007 paper reports that in some schools in the city of Baltimore, yo has come to be used as a gender-neutral pronoun.[73][74]
Since at least the 19th century, numerous proposals for the use of other non-standard gender-neutral pronouns have been introduced:
- e, (es, em) is the oldest recorded English gender-neutral (ungendered) pronoun with declension, coined by Francis Augustus Brewster in 1841.[75] E, es, em, and emself were also proposed by James Rogers in 1890.[76] The aim was to provide a neutral, ungendered pronoun because the link of pronouns to sex was considered a major flaw. Donald G. MacKay (1980) experimented with the use of e, es, em, and eself.[77]
- thon, proposed by Charles Crozat Converse in 1884 — other sources date its coinage to 1858[78] — received the greatest mainstream acceptance. A contraction of 'that one', thon was listed in Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary from 1898 through to 1964, and was also included in Webster's Second New International Dictionary (but not in its the first and third editions).[79]
- co was coined by the feminist writer Mary Orovan in 1970.[80] It is in common usage in intentional communities of the Federation of Egalitarian Communities,[81] appearing in the bylaws of several of these communities.[82][83][84][85] In addition to using co when the gender of the antecedent is unknown or indeterminate, some use co as gender-blind language, where co replaces gendered pronouns.[86]
- ze has several variants (see table below) and is used to meet the needs of unspecified gender situations and transgender persons.[87][88] Kate Bornstein, an American transgender author, uses the pronoun forms ze and hir in the 1996 book Nearly Roadkill: An Infobahn Erotic Adventure.[89] Jeffrey A. Carver, an American science fiction writer, uses the pronoun hir in the 1989 novel From a Changeling Star for a different-gendered nonhuman.
Table of standard and non-standard third-person singular pronouns
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2024) |
| Source | Nominative (subject) |
Oblique (object) |
Independent genitive (possessive) |
Dependent genitive (possessive) |
Reflexive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard pronoun usage | ||||||
| he | he is laughing | I called him | his eyes gleam | that is his | he likes himself | |
| she | she is laughing | I called her | her eyes gleam | that is hers | she likes herself | |
| they (singular) | they are laughing | I called them | their eyes gleam | that is theirs | they like themself | |
| it | it is laughing | I called it | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns||||