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Queen of the Romans (Latin: Regina Romanorum, German: Königin der Römer) or Queen of the Germans were the official titles of the queens consort of the medieval and early modern Kingdom of Germany. They were the wives of the King of the Romans (chosen by imperial election), and are informally also known as German queen (German: Deutsche Königin). A Queen of the Romans also became Holy Roman Empress if her husband was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, in the Middle Ages usually by the Pope in Rome during an Italienzug. Most elected Kings of the Romans did, but some never made it that far, and thus their wives only ever achieved the status of Queen of the Romans.
Empress Maria Theresa (1745–1780) is often considered to be a ruler in her own right,[1][2] as she was Queen regnant of Bohemia and Hungary, and although her husband Francis I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1745, it was she who ruled the Empire and continued to do so even after Francis' death in 1765 before ruling jointly with her son Emperor Joseph II.
German (East Francian) Queens
With the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided. Lothair, the King of the middle Kingdom of Lotharingia or Burgundy, obtained the title of Emperor; Louis obtained Eastern Francia, the area which would become Germany. The wives of that realm's Kings are thus German Queens (or more precisely, East Francian Queens – 'Germany' is historically deemed to have developed with the election of Henry the Fowler), but not always Empresses.
Carolingian
Picture | Name | House | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emma of Altdorf Queen of the East Franks |
Elder Welf | 808 | 827 | 11 August 843 | never Empress | 31 January 876 | Louis I/II | ||
Liutgard Queen of the East Franks |
Liudolfing | c. 845 | 29 November 874 | 26 August 876 | never Empress | 20 January 882 | 17/30 November 885 | Louis II/III | |
Richardis | Ahalolfinger | c.840 | 862 | 20 January 882 | 12 February 881 | As Queen: 11 November 887 husband's deposition as King As Empress: 13 January 888 husband's death |
18 September 894-896 | Charles the Fat | |
Ota | Conradine | c. 874 | 888 | 22 February 896 | 8 December 899 | 30 November 903 | Arnulf | ||
Picture | Name | House | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
Conradine
Picture | Name | House | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cunigunde of Swabia Queen of East Francia |
Ahalolfings | c.870 | 913 | never Empress | 23 December 918 | 7 February after 918 | Conrad I | ||
Picture | Name | House | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
German Queens
With the elevation of Otto I of Germany in 962 to the Imperial title, the title 'Roman King/Emperor' became inaliably associated with the Kingdom of Germany – although a King of Germany might not bear the Imperial title, it would eventually become impossible to conceive of a Holy Roman Emperor not being King of Germany (a viewpoint reinforced with the equation of King of the Romans with King of Germany from the 12th century). Thus, the following women, though not all Holy Roman Empresses, were all Queens of Germany, and – from the inception of the Hohenstaufen dynasty – all Queens of the Romans.
Ottonian Dynasty
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matilda Queen of the East Franks |
Dietrich, Count of Westphalia (Immedinger) |
c.895 | 909 | 23 April 919 | never Empress | 2 July 936 | 14 March 968 | Henry I | |
Edith of Wessex Queen of the East Franks |
Edward the Elder (Wessex) |
910 | 929 | 7 August 936 | never Empress | 26 January 946 | Otto I | ||
Adelaide of Italy | Rudolph II of Burgundy (Welf) |
931 | 951 | 2 February 962 (Crowned on this date) | 7 May 973 | 16 December 999 | |||
Theophanu of Byzantium | Konstantinos Skleros (Skleros) |
960 | 14 April 972 | 14 April 972 husband as co-Emperor with his father/ 7 May 973 husband as sole Emperor Crowned 14 April 972 |
7 December 983 husband's death |
15 June 991 | Otto II | ||
Cunigunde of Luxembourg | Siegfried, Count of Luxemburg (Ardenne–Luxembourg) |
c.975 | c.1000 | 17 June 1002 | 26 April 1014 | 13 July 1024 | 3 March 1033 | Henry II | |
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
Salian Dynasty
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gisela of Swabia | Herman II, Duke of Swabia (Conradines) |
11 November 995 | 1016 | 8 September 1024 | 26 March 1027 | 4 June 1039 husband's death |
14 February 1043 | Conrad II | |
Gunhilda Knutsdatter of Denmark Queen of the Germans |
Cnut the Great (Denmark) |
c.1020 | 1036 | never Empress | 1038 | Henry III | |||
Agnes de Poitou | William V, Duke of Aquitaine (Ramnulfids) |
1025 | 21 November 1043 | 25 December 1046 | 5 October 1056 | 14 December 1077 | |||
Bertha of Savoy | Otto, Count of Savoy (Savoy) |
21 September 1051 | 13 July 1066 | 21 March 1084 | 27 December 1087 | Henry IV | |||
Eupraxia of Kiev (Adelaide) |
Vsevolod I, Grand Prince of Kiev (Rurikids) |
1071 | 14 August 1089 | 14 August 1089 | 31 December 1105 husband's deposition |
20 July 1109 | |||
Constanze Queen of the Romans |
Roger I of Sicily (Hauteville) |
1077–1087 | 1095 | never Empress | 1098 husband's deposition |
27 November 1198 | Conrad, King of the Romans | ||
Matilda of England | Henry I of England (Normandy) |
7 February 1101 | 7 January 1114 | 23 May 1125 | 10 September 1167 | Henry V | |||
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
House of Supplinburg
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richenza of Northeim | Henry the Fat, Margrave of Frisia | c.1087–89 | c.1100 | 30 August 1125 | 4 June 1133 | 4 December 1137 | 10 June 1141 | Lothair III | |
Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Queen | Became Empress | Ceased to be Consort | Death | Spouse |