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Glossary of literary terms
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This glossary of literary terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the discussion, classification, analysis, and criticism of all types of literature, such as poetry, novels, and picture books, as well as of grammar, syntax, and language techniques. For a more complete glossary of terms relating to poetry in particular, see Glossary of poetry terms.
A
- abecedarius
- A special type of acrostic in which the first letter of every word, strophe or verse follows the order of the alphabet.[1]
- acatalexis
- An acatalectic line of verse is one having the metrically complete number of syllables in the final foot.[2]
- accent
- Any noun used to describe the stress put on a certain syllable while speaking a word. For example, there has been disagreement over the pronunciation of "Abora" in line 41 of "Kubla Khan" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. According to Herbert Tucker of the website "For Better For Verse", the accent is on the first and last syllable of the word, making its pronunciation: AborA.[3][4]
- accentual verse
- Accentual verse is common in children's poetry. Nursery rhymes and the less well-known skipping-rope rhymes are the most common form of accentual verse in the English language.[2]
- acrostic
- A poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable, or word of each line, paragraph, or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message. Example: An Acrostic (1829) by Edgar Allan Poe.[5]
- act
- An act is a major division of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, or musical theatre, consisting of one or more scenes.[6][7]
- adage
- An adage expresses a well-known and simple truth in a few words.[8] (Similar to aphorism and proverb.)
- adjective
- Any word or phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun, grammatically added to describe, identify, or quantify the related noun or pronoun.[9][10]
- adverb
- A descriptive word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Typically ending in -ly, adverbs answer the questions when, how, and how many times.[3][11]
- aisling
- A poetic genre based on dreams and visions that developed during the 17th and 18th centuries in Irish-language poetry.[12]
- allegory
- A type of writing in which the settings, characters, and events stand for other specific people, events, or ideas.[13]
- alliteration
- Repetition of the initial sounds of words, as in "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers".[14]
- allusion
- A figure of speech that makes a reference to or a representation of people, places, events, literary works, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication.[14]
- anachronism
- The erroneous use of an object, event, idea, or word that does not belong to the same time period as its context.[15]
- anacrusis
- In poetry, a set of non-metrical syllables at the beginning of a verse used as a prelude to the metrical line.[16][17]
- anadiplosis
- The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause to gain a special effect; e.g. "Labour and care are rewarded with success, success produces confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins the reputation which diligence had raised." (The Rambler No. 21, Samuel Johnson)[2]
- anagnorisis
- The point in a plot at which a character recognizes the true state of affairs.[18]
- analepsis
- An interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached.[19]
- analogue
- analogy
- A comparison between two things that are otherwise unlike.[20][21]
- anapest
- A version of the foot in poetry in which the first two syllables of a line are unstressed, followed by a stressed syllable; e.g. intercept (the syllables in and ter are unstressed and followed by cept, which is stressed).[22]
- anaphora
- anastrophe
- anecdote
- A short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.[23]
- annals
- annotation
- A textual comment in a book or other piece of writing. Annotations often take the form of a reader's comments handwritten in the margin, hence the term marginalia, or of printed explanatory notes provided by an editor. See also adversaria.[2]
- antagonist
- The adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work; e.g. Iago is the antagonist[24] in William Shakespeare's Othello.[24]
- antanaclasis
- antecedent
- A word or phrase referred to by any relative pronoun.[9]
- antepenult
- anthology
- anticlimax
- antihero
- antimasque
- anti-romance
- antimetabole
- antinovel
- antistrophe
- antithesis
- antithetical couplet
- antonym
- aphorism
- apocope
- Apollonian and Dionysian
- apologue
- apology
- apothegm
- A terse, pithy saying, akin to a proverb, maxim, or aphorism.[2]
- aposiopesis
- A rhetorical device in which speech is broken off abruptly and the sentence is left unfinished.[2]
- apostrophe
- A figure of speech in which a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene.
- apron stage
- Arcadia
- archaism
- archetype
- Any story element (e.g. idea, symbol, pattern, or character-type) that appears repeatedly in stories across time and space.[25]
- aristeia
- argument
- arsis and thesis
- asemic writing
- aside
- assonance
- astrophic
- (of one or more stanzas) Having no particular pattern.[3][11]
- asyndeton
- The omission of conjunctions between successive clauses. An example is when John F. Kennedy said on January 20, 1961, "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."[26]
- aubade
- (French: "dawn song") A monologue which dramatically expresses the regret of parting lovers at daybreak.[2]
- audience
- autobiography
- autoclesis
- A rhetorical device by which an idea is introduced in negative terms in order to call attention to it and arouse curiosity.[2]
- autotelic
- avant-garde
B
- ballad
- ballade
- ballad stanza
- bard
- A distinguished poet, especially one serving in an official capacity whose task it was, in many cultures of Celtic origin, to celebrate national events, particularly heroic actions and military victories.[2]
- bathos
- Bathos refers to rhetorical anticlimax—an abrupt transition from a lofty style or grand topic to a common or vulgar one—occurring either accidentally (through artistic ineptitude) or intentionally (for comic effect).[27][28]
- beast fable
- An "animal tale" or "beast fable" generally consists of a short story or poem in which animals talk. It is a traditional form of allegorical writing.[29]
- beast poetry
- belles-lettres
- bestiary
- A medieval didactic genre in prose or verse in which the behavior of animals (used as symbolic types) points a moral.[2]
- beta reader
- bibliography
- Bildungsroman
- A story that follows the psychological and moral maturation of the protagonist or main character from childhood to adulthood. It is a type of coming-of-age story.[30]
- biography
- blank verse
- Verse written in iambic pentameter without rhyme.[11][31]
- boulevard theatre
- bourgeois tragedy
- bouts-rimés
- A versifying game originating in 17th-century France in which the idea was, given certain rhymes, to compose lines for them and make up a poem which sounded natural.[2]
- brachiology
- Terse and condensed expression, characteristic of the heroic couplet.[2] See also asyndeton.
- breviloquence
- burlesque
- burletta
- Burns stanza
- Byronic hero
- A type of character in a dramatic work whose defining features derive largely from characters in the writings of English Romantic poet Lord Byron as well as from Byron himself. It is a variant of the archetypal Romantic hero.[32]
C
- cadence
- In poetry, the rise or fall in pitch of the intonation of the voice, and its modulated inflection with the rise and fall of its sound.[33]
- caesura
- A break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and/or enforced by punctuation. A line may have more than one caesura, or none at all. If near the beginning of the line, it is called the initial caesura; near the middle, medial; near the end, terminal. An accented or masculine caesura follows an accented syllable, an unaccented or feminine caesura an unaccented syllable. The caesura is used in two essentially contrary ways: to emphasize formality and to stylize; and to slacken the stiffness and tension of formal metrical patterns.[2]
- calligram
- canon
- A body of writings established as authentic. The term often refers to biblical writings which have been accepted as authorized, as opposed to the Apocrypha.[2]
- canso
- canticle
- canto
- A subdivision of an epic or narrative poem, comparable to a chapter in a novel.[2]
- canzone
- An Italian or Provençal form of lyric, consisting of a series of verses in stanza form but without a refrain, and usually written in hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme; or more generally, any simple and song-like composition such as a ballad.[2] See also chanson and madrigal.
- captivity narrative
- caricature
- A portrait in literature (as in art) which ridicules a person by exaggerating and distorting their most prominent features and characteristics. Caricatures often evoke genial rather than derisive laughter.[2]
- carmen figuratum
- carpe diem
- catachresis
- The misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor.[2]
- catalect
- A literary work which is detached (or detachable) from the main body of a writer's work.[2] Compare analect.
- catalexis
- The omission of the last syllable or syllables in a regular metrical line; often done in trochaic and dactylic verse to avoid monotony.[2]
- catastrophe
- catharsis
- caudate sonnet
- cavalier poet
- Celtic art
- Celtic revival
- chain rhyme
- chanson de geste
- A type of Old French epic poem popular between the 11th and 14th centuries which relates the heroic deeds of Carolingian noblemen and other feudal lords. Such works exhibit a combination of history and legend, and also reflect a definite conception of religious chivalry.[2]
- chansonnier
- A collection of Provençal troubadour poems in manuscript form.[2]
- chant royal
- A metrical and rhyming scheme dating to the Middle Ages and related to ballade forms. It consists of five eleven-line stanzas rhyming in the pattern ababccddedE, followed by an envoi rhyming in the pattern ddedE. There is also a refrain (as indicated by the capital letters) at the end of each stanza and including the last line of the envoi. Typically, no rhyme word may be used twice except in the envoi.[2]
- chapbook
- A form of popular literature sold by pedlars or chapmen, mostly from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Chapbooks consisted of ballads, pamphlets, tracts, nursery rhymes, and fairy stories, and were often illustrated with wood-blocks.[2]
- character
- characterization
- charactonym
- Chaucerian stanza
- chiasmus
- A reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses; e.g. "His time a moment, and a point his space." (An Essay on Man, Epistle I, Alexander Pope) The device is related to antithesis.[2]
- chivalric romance
- choriamb
- chronicle
- chronicle play
- cinquain
- A five-line stanza with a variable meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin.[2]
- classical unities
- classicism
- classification
- clerihew
- cliché
- An element of an artistic work, saying, or idea that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or irritating, especially when at some earlier time it was considered meaningful or novel.[34]
- climax
- cloak and dagger
- close reading
- A technique of literary analysis that relies upon detailed, balanced, and rigorous critical examination of a text in order to discover its meanings and to assess its effects.[2]
- closed couplet
- closet drama
- collaborative poetry
- colloquialism
- comédie larmoyante
- comedy
- comedy of humors
- comedy of intrigue
- comedy of manners
- comic relief
- commedia dell'arte
- commedia erudita
- common measure
- commonplace book
- A notebook or journal in which a writer records ideas, themes, quotations, words, and phrases as they occur to them.[2]
- conceit
- concordance
- confessional literature
- confidant/confidante
- conflict
- connotation
- consistency
- consonance
- The close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels, e.g. "slip, slop"; "creak, croak"; "black, block".[2] Compare assonance.
- contradiction
- context
- contrast
- convention
- coup de théâtre
- couplet
- Two lines with rhyming ends. Shakespeare often used a couplet to end a sonnet.[11]
- courtesy book
- courtly love
- Cowleyan ode
- cradle book
- See incunabulum.
- crisis
- That point in a story or play at which tension reaches a maximum and a resolution is imminent. There may be several crises, each preceding a climax.[2]
- cross acrostic
- crown of sonnets
- curtain raiser
- curtal sonnet
D
- dactyl
- dandy
- Débat
- death poem
- decadence
- decasyllable
- decorum
- denotation
- The most literal and limited meaning of a word, regardless of what one may feel about it or the suggestions and ideas it connotes (which may be much more affecting than or very different from its literal meaning).[2]
- dénouement
- The resolution or unravelling of the complications of the plot in a play or story, often following the climax in a final scene or chapter in which mysteries, confusions, and doubtful destinies are clarified.[35] See also catastrophe.
- description
- deus ex machina
- A plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly resolved by an unexpected and seemingly unlikely occurrence, typically so much as to seem contrived.[36]
- deuteragonist
- dialect
- dialogic
- A work primarily featuring dialogue; a piece of, relating to, or written in dialogue.[15]
- dialogue
- dibrach
- diction
- The words selected for use in any oral, written, or literary expression. Diction often centers on opening a great array of lexical possibilities with the connotation of words by maintaining first the denotation of words.[37]
- didactic
- Intended to teach, instruct, or have a moral lesson for the reader.[15]
- digest size
- digression
- dime novel
- diameter
- dimeter
- A line of verse made up of two feet (two stresses).[13]
- dipody
- A pair of metrical feet considered as a single unit. Dipodic verse, commonly found in ballads and nursery rhymes, is characterized by the pairing together of feet in which one usually has a stronger stress.[35]
- dirge
- discourse
- dissociation of sensibility
- dissonance
- distich
- distributed stress
- dithyramb
- diverbium
- The spoken dialogue in Roman drama, as distinguished from the canticum, the sung part.[2]
- divine afflatus
- doggerel Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Glossary_of_literary_terms
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