This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: very idiosyncratic style throughout, runs afoul of best practices regarding non-English text, with Korean-languages sections and MOS:KO specifically. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Goguryeo (Goryeo) 高句麗 (Korean) (Hanja) 고구려 (Korean) (Hangul) 高麗 (Korean) (Hanja) 고려 (Korean) (Hangul) Goryeo 句麗 (Old Korean) Korean alphabet: (구려) IPA-Notation: (kuɾ.jʌ̹) Yale: Kwulye (RR: Guryeo)
37 BC[a]–AD 668
Motto: 천제지자 (천제의 자손) 天帝之子 "Son of God"[1]
Goguryeo (Goryeo) in AD 476
Status	Kingdom/Empire
Capital	Jolbon (37 BC – AD 3) Gungnae (3–427) Pyongyang (427–668)
Common languages	Goguryeo (Koreanic), Classical Chinese (literary)
Ethnic groups	Yemaek
Religion	Official and State Religion: Buddhism [2] Other religions: Confucianism[3] Taoism Shamanism
Government	Monarchy
Taewang (King)
• 37–19 BC	Dongmyeong (first)
• 391–413	Gwanggaeto
• 413–491	Jangsu
• 590–618	Yeongyang
• 642–668	Bojang (last)
Grand Prime Minister
• 642–665	Yeon Gaesomun (first)
• 666–668	Yeon Namgeon (last)
Legislature	Jega Council
Historical era	Ancient
• Establishment	37 BC[a]
• Introduction of Buddhism in Korea	372
• Campaigns of Gwanggaeto the Great	391–413
• Goguryeo–Sui War	598–614
• Goguryeo–Tang War	645–668
• Fall of Pyongyang	AD 668
Population
• 7th century[4]	approximately 3,500,000 (697,000 households)
Preceded by Succeeded by Buyeo Unified Silla Balhae Protectorate General to Pacify the East
Today part of	North Korea South Korea China Mongolia Russia

Goguryeo (Korean: 고구려) Goryeo (Korean: 고려)
Statue of Jumong at the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng in Pyongyang, North Korea
Korean name
Hangul	고구려
Hanja	高句麗
Revised Romanization	Goguryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Koguryŏ
IPA	[ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ]
Alternative Korean name
Hangul	고려
Hanja	高麗
Revised Romanization	Goryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Koryŏ
IPA	[ko.ɾjʌ]
Old Korean
Hangul	구려[5][6]
Hanja	句麗
Revised Romanization	Guryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Kuryŏ
IPA	[ku.ɾjʌ]

Monarchs of Korea
Goguryeo
Chumo c. 37–19 BC Yuri 19 BC–18 AD Daemusin 18–44 Minjung 44–48 Mobon 48–53 Taejodae 53–146 Chadae 146–165 Sindae 165–179 Gogukcheon 179–197 Sansang 197–227 Dongcheon 227–248 Jungcheon 248–270 Seocheon 270–292 Bongsang 292–300 Micheon 300–331 Gogugwon 331–371 Sosurim 371–384 Gogugyang 384–391 Gwanggaeto the Great 391–413 Jangsu 413–491 Munja 491–519 Anjang 519–531 Anwon 531–545 Yangwon 545–559 Pyeongwon 559–590 Yeongyang 590–618 Yeongnyu 618–642 Bojang 642–668
v t e

Part of a series on the
History of Korea
Prehistoric period Jeulmun 8000 BC–1500 BC Mumun 1500 BC–300 BC
Ancient period Gojoseon 2333 BC–108 BC * Dangun * Gija * Wiman Jin 4th–2nd century BC Yemaek
Proto–Three Kingdoms period Takri Dongye Buyeo Eastern Galsa Okjeo Samhan Ma Byeon Jin Goguryeo Tamna Four Commanderies of Han
Three Kingdoms period Goguryeo 37 BC–668 AD Baekje 18 BC–660 AD Silla 57 BC–935 AD Gaya confederacy 42–562
Northern and Southern period United Silla (Unified Silla) 668–935 Balhae 698–926
Later Three Kingdoms period Later Baekje 892–936 Taebong (Later Goguryeo) 901–918 Unified Silla (Later Silla) 668–935
Dynastic period Goryeo 918–1392 Joseon 1392–1897 Korean Empire 1897–1910
Colonial period Japanese rule 1910–1945 Provisional Government 1919–1948
Modern period Military governments 1945–1948 North-South division 1945–present * North 1948–present * South 1948–present
By topic Architecture Art Cuisine Currency Education Geography Historiography Language Military (List · Goguryeo) Monarchs (Family tree) Names (Era names) Naval Newspapers Politics (Joseon · North · South) Religion Buddhism Christianity Islam Science and technology Women World Heritage Sites (North · South)
Timeline
Korea portal
v t e

Part of a series on the
History of Manchuria
Prehistoric period Liao civilization
Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Takri Kingdom Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan Xianbei state Yan (Three Kingdoms) Cao Wei Buyeo Goguryeo Sima Jin dynasty Yuwen Former Yan Former Qin Later Yan Northern Yan Kumo Xi Khitan Mohe Shiwei Göktürk Khaganate
Medieval to Early Modern period Eastern Turkic Khaganate Tang dynasty (Andong Protectorate) Balhae Liao dynasty Jurchen Jin dynasty Yuan rule Northern Yuan Ming rule (Nurgan) Later Jin Qing rule
Modern period Amur Annexation Chuang Guandong Korean and Russian invasions Russian Dalian Beiyang government (Fengtian Clique) Far Eastern Republic Green Ukraine Kwantung Leased Territory Nationalist government Korean People's Association in Manchuria Japanese invasion Manchukuo Liaoshen Campaign (Chinese Civil War) Manchuria/Northeast China Outer Manchuria (in Russian Far East)
v t e

Goguryeo (37 BC^[a] – 668 AD) (Korean: 고구려; Hanja: 高句麗; RR: Goguryeo; Korean pronunciation: [ko̞.ɡu.ɾjʌ̹]; lit.: high castle; Old Korean: Guryeo)^[8] also later known as Goryeo (Korean: 고려; Hanja: 高麗; RR: Goryeo; Korean pronunciation: [ko.ɾjʌ]; lit.: high and beautiful; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, kwòwlyéy),^[9] was a Korean kingdom^{[10][11][12][13]} which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of modern-day Northeast China (Manchuria). At its peak of power, Goguryeo conquered most of the Korean Peninsula and large parts of Manchuria, along with parts of eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and modern-day Russia.^[14][15][16]

Along with Baekje and Silla, Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan.

The Samguk sagi, a 12th-century text from Goryeo, indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong, a prince from Buyeo, who was enthroned as Dongmyeong.

Goguryeo was one of the great powers in East Asia,^[17][18][19] until its defeat by a Silla–Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun.^[20] After its fall, its territory was divided between the Tang dynasty, Later Silla and Balhae.

The name "Goryeo" (alternatively spelled "Koryŏ"), a shortened form of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ), was adopted as the official name in the 5th century,^[21] and is the origin of the English name "Korea".^[22]

Names and etymology

The kingdom was originally called Guryeo (Old Korean: 句麗, Yale: Kwulye, /ɡuɾ.jʌ̹/) or something similar to kaukuri (/ko̞ːkɯ̟ᵝɾʲi/)),^[23][24] Both words were derived from "忽" (*kuru or *kolo) which meant castle or fortress. The word was possibly a Wanderwort like the Middle Mongolian qoto-n.^[25][26][27]

Several possible cognates for 忽 exist as well, which was used at a later stage as an administrative subdivision with the spelling of hwol , as in 買忽 mwoyhwol/michwuhwol , alongside the likely cognate of 骨 kwol .^[28] Nam Pung-hyun presents it also as a Baekje term, probably a cognate with the Goguryeo word with the same meaning and spelling.

The iteration of 徐羅伐 Syerapel as 徐羅城 *SyeraKUY equated the Old Korean word for village, 伐 pel with the Old Japanese one for castle 城 ki, considered a borrowing from Baekje 己 *kuy, in turn a borrowing from Goguryeo 忽 *kolo.^[29][30] Middle Korean 골〯 kwǒl and ᄀᆞ옳 kòwòlh ("district") are likely descended from *kolo.^[27]

The name Goguryeo (Korean: 고구려; Hanja: 高句麗; Korean pronunciation: [ko̞ɡuɾjʌ̹]), which means "high castle", is a combination of Guryeo and the prefix Go (Korean: 고; Hanja: 高; lit. high, big).^[25] The name came from Goguryeo-hyeon, a subdivision that was established by the Xuantu Commandery. As Han influence over Korea declined, Goguryeo-hyeon became the center of the early Goguryeo union.^[25]

From the mid-5th century, Goguryeo was shortened to the calque of Goryeo (Korean: 고려; Hanja: 高麗; Korean pronunciation: [ko.ɾjʌ]; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, Kwòwlyéy), which by itself had the meaning of "high and beautiful".^[25]

History

Origins

The earliest record of the name of Goguryeo can be traced to geographic monographs in the Book of Han and is first attested as the name of one of the subdivisions of the Xuantu Commandery, established along the trade routes within the Amnok river basin following the destruction of Gojoseon in 113 BC.^[31] The American historian Christopher Beckwith offers the alternative proposal that the Guguryeo people were first located in or around Liaoxi (western Liaoning and parts of Inner Mongolia) and later migrated eastward, pointing to another account in the Book of Han.^{[citation needed]} The early Goguryeo tribes from whom the administrative name is derived were located close to or within the area of control of the Xuantu Commandery.^[32][33] Its tribal leaders also appeared to have held the ruler title of "marquis" over said nominal Gaogouli/Goguryeo county.^{[34][full citation needed]} The collapse of the first Xuantu Commandery in 75 BC is generally attributed to the military actions of the Goguryeo natives.^[35][36] In the Old Book of Tang (945), it is recorded that Emperor Taizong refers to Goguryeo's history as being some 900 years old. According to the 12th-century Samguk sagi and the 13th-century Samguk yusa, a prince from the Buyeo kingdom named Jumong fled after a power struggle with other princes of the court^{[37][full citation needed]} and founded Goguryeo in 37 BC in a region called Jolbon Buyeo, usually thought to be located in the middle Amnok/Yalu and Hun River basin.

In 75 BC, a group of Yemaek who may have originated from Goguryeo made an incursion into China's Xuantu Commandery west of the Yalu.^{[38][full citation needed]} The first mention of Goguryeo as a group label associated with Yemaek tribes is a reference in the Han Shu that discusses a Goguryeo revolt in 12 AD, during which they broke away from the influence of the Xuantu Commandery.^{[39][full citation needed]}

According to Book 37 of the Samguk sagi, Goguryeo originated north of ancient China, then gradually moved east to the side of Taedong River.^[40] At its founding, the Goguryeo people are believed to be a blend of people from Buyeo and Yemaek, as leadership from Buyeo may have fled their kingdom and integrated with existing Yemaek chiefdoms.^[41] The Records of the Three Kingdoms, in the section titled "Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians", implied that Buyeo and the Yemaek people were ethnically related and spoke a similar language.^[42]

Chinese people were also in Gorguyeo.^{[citation needed]} Book 28 of Samguk Sagi stated that "many people of China fled East of the Sea due to the chaos of war by Qin and Han".^[43] Later Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies, and in 12 AD Goguryeo made its first attack on the Xuantu Commandery.^[44] The population of Xuantu Commandery was about 221,845 in 2 AD, and they lived in the commandery's three counties of Gaogouli, Shangyintai, and Xigaima.^[45] Later on, Goguryeo gradually annexed all the Four Commanderies of Han during its expansion.^[46]

Both Goguryeo and Baekje shared founding myths and originated from Buyeo.^[47]

Jumong and the foundation myth

The earliest mention of Jumong is in the 4th-century Gwanggaeto Stele. Jumong is the modern Korean transcription of the hanja 朱蒙 Jumong, 鄒牟 Chumo, or 仲牟 Jungmo.

The Stele states that Jumong was the first king and ancestor of Goguryeo and that he was the son of the prince of Buyeo and daughter of Habaek (Korean: 하백; Hanja: 河伯), the god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak (Korean: 해밝).^{[48][49][50][51][52]} The Samguk sagi and Samgungnyusa paint additional detail and names Jumong's mother as Yuhwa (Korean: 유화; Hanja: 柳花).^[48][50][51] Jumong's biological father was said to be a man named Haemosu who is described as a "strong man" and "a heavenly prince."^[53] The river god chased Yuhwa away to the Ubal River (Korean: 우발수; Hanja: 優渤水) due to her pregnancy, where she met and became the concubine of Geumwa.

Jumong was well known for his exceptional archery skills. Eventually, Geumwa's sons became jealous of him, and Jumong was forced to leave Eastern Buyeo.^[54] The Stele and later Korean sources disagree as to which Buyeo Jumong came from. The Stele says he came from Buyeo and the Samgungnyusa and Samguk sagi say he came from Eastern Buyeo. Jumong eventually made it to Jolbon, where he married Soseono, daughter of its ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from his native country.

A traditional account from the "Annals of Baekje" section in the Samguk sagi says that Soseono was the daughter of Yeon Tabal, a wealthy influential figure in Jolbon^[55] and married to Jumong. However, the same source officially states that the king of Jolbon gave his daughter to Jumong, who had escaped with his followers from Eastern Buyeo, in marriage. She gave her husband, Jumong, financial support^[56] in founding the new statelet, Goguryeo. After Yuri, son of Jumong and his first wife, Lady Ye, came from Dongbuyeo and succeeded Jumong, she left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms, one of which was Baekje.

Jumong's given surname was "Hae" (Korean: 해; Hanja: 解), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the Samgungnyusa, Jumong changed his surname to "Go" (Korean: 고; Hanja: 高) in conscious reflection of his divine parentage.^[57] Jumong is recorded to have conquered the tribal states of Biryu (Korean: 비류국; Hanja: 沸流國) in 36 BC, Haeng-in (Korean: 행인국; Hanja: 荇人國) in 33 BC, and Northern Okjeo in 28 BC.^[58][59]

Centralization and early expansion (mid-first century)

Goguryeo developed from a league of various Yemaek tribes to an early state and rapidly expanded its power from their original basin of control in the Hun River drainage. In the time of Taejodae in 53 AD, five local tribes were reorganized into five centrally ruled districts. Foreign relations and the military were controlled by the king. Early expansion might be best explained by ecology; Goguryeo controlled territory in what is currently central and southern Manchuria and northern Korea, which are both very mountainous and lacking in arable land. Upon centralizing, Goguryeo might have been unable to harness enough resources from the region to feed its population and thus, following historical pastoralist tendencies, would have sought to raid and exploit neighboring societies for their land and resources. Aggressive military activities may have also aided expansion, allowing Goguryeo to exact tribute from their tribal neighbors and dominate them politically and economically.^[60]

Taejo conquered the Okjeo tribes of what is now northeastern Korea as well as the Dongye and other tribes in Southeastern Manchuria and Northern Korea. From the increase of resources and manpower that these subjugated tribes gave him, Taejodae led Goguryeo in attacking the Han Commanderies of Lelang and Xuantu on the Korean and Liaodong peninsulas, becoming fully independent from them.^[61]

Generally, Taejodae allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but required them to report to governors who were related to Goguryeo's royal line; tribes under Goguryeo's jurisdiction were expected to provide heavy tribute. Taejodae and his successors channeled these increased resources to continuing Goguryeo's expansion to the north and west. New laws regulated peasants and the aristocracy, as tribal leaders continued to be absorbed into the central aristocracy. Royal succession changed from fraternal to patrilineal, stabilizing the royal court.^[62]

The expanding Goguryeo kingdom soon entered into direct military contact with the Liaodong Commandery to its west. Around this time, Chinese warlord Gongsun Kang established the Daifang Commandery by separating the southern half from the Lelang commandery. Balgi, a brother of King Sansang of Goguryeo, defected to Kang and asked for Kang's aid to help him take the throne of Goguryeo. Although Goguryeo defeated the first invasion and killed Balgi,^[63] in 209, Kang invaded Goguryeo again, seized some of its territory and weakened Goguryeo.^[64][65] Pressure from Liaodong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valley near Hwando.^[66]

Goguryeo–Wei Wars

In the chaos following the fall of the Han dynasty, the former Han commanderies had broken free of control and were ruled by various independent warlords. Surrounded by these commanderies, who were governed by aggressive warlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created dynasty of Cao Wei in China and sent tribute in 220. In 238, Goguryeo entered into a formal alliance with Wei to destroy the Liaodong commandery.^{[citation needed]}

When Liaodong was finally conquered by Wei, cooperation between Wei and Goguryeo fell apart and Goguryeo attacked the western edges of Liaodong, which incited a Wei counterattack in 244. Thus, Goguryeo initiated the Goguryeo–Wei War in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, the Wei state responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. The capital at Hwando was destroyed by Wei forces in 244.^[67] It is said that Dongcheon, with his army destroyed, fled for a while to the Okjeo state in the east.^[68] Wei invaded again in 259 but was defeated at Yangmaenggok;^[69] according to the Samguk sagi, Jungcheon assembled 5,000 elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei troops, beheading 8,000 enemies.^[70]

Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Goguryeo
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---