A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Gun | |
---|---|
gungbe | |
Native to | Benin, Nigeria |
Ethnicity | Gun people |
Native speakers | 1.5 million (2020–2021)[1] |
Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Benin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | guw |
Glottolog | gunn1250 |
Gun (Gun: gungbe) is a language in the Gbe languages group. It is spoken by the Ogu people in Benin, as well as in south-western Nigeria.[2] Gun is part of the Fon cluster of languages inside the Eastern Gbe languages; it is close to Fon, especially its Agbome and Kpase varieties, as well as to the Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) languages. It is used in some schools in the Ouémé Department of Benin.[3]
Gun is the second most spoken language in Benin. It is mainly spoken in the south of the country, in Porto-Novo, Sèmè-Kpodji, Bonou, Adjarra, Avrankou, Dangbo, Akpro-Missérété, Cotonou, and other cities where Ogu people live. It is also spoken by a minority of Ogu people in southwest Nigeria near the border with Benin, particularly Badagry, Maun, Tube.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Laminal- alveolar |
(Post-) alveolar |
Palatal | Labial- velar |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ~ b | n ~ ɖ | (ɲ) | |||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ͡b | ɡ | |||||
voiceless | (p) | t | t͡ʃ | k͡p | k | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f ~ ɸ | s | (ʃ) | xʷ | x ~ χ ~ h | ||||
voiced | v ~ β | z | (ʒ) | ɣʷ | ɣ ~ ʁ | |||||
Approximant | l ~ l̃ | j | w | |||||||
Trill | (r ~ r̃) | |||||||||
Tap | (ɾ) |
- Voiced plosives /b, ɖ/ fluctuate to voiced nasals exclusively before nasal vowels, however; as a result of more recent loanwords, /b, ɖ/ also tend to not fluctuate when preceding nasal vowels.
- In the case of the sounds /x ~ χ ~ h/, /ɣ ~ ʁ/; /f ~ ɸ/, /v ~ β/; /tʃ ~ ʃ/, /dʒ ~ ʒ/; these sounds are strictly realizations of individual sounds due to dialectal variation, and not as contrasting phonemes.
- /p/ is mainly phonemic as a result of loanwords and ideophonic terms.
- /ɖ/ is heard as a tap when in intervocalic position and followed by an oral vowel.
- /j/ when occurring before nasal vowels can be heard as either or in free variation. /l, w/ are nasalized as when before nasal vowels.
- /l/ is also realized as a trill when occurring after laminal alveolars, palato-alveolars, and palatal consonants. It may also be nasalized as when before nasal vowels in that position.[4]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
Close-mid | e | o | |
Open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
Open | a ã |
Orthography
The language has been written with three orthographies, all of them based on the Latin alphabet. In Nigeria, it has been written with an orthography similar to that of Yoruba and some other languages of Nigeria, and using the dot below diacritic to indicate sounds.[clarification needed] In Benin, another orthography was developed for publishing a Bible translation in 1923, and it was updated in 1975, and is now used for teaching literacy in some schools in Benin; it is similar to the orthography of Fon, using letters such as ⟨ɛ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩.[5] There are proposals to unify the orthographies, for example the one made by Hounkpati Capo in 1990.[4]
References
- ^ Gun at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ "Gun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ Kluge, Angela (2007). "The Gbe Language Continuum of West Africa: A Synchronic Typological Approach to Prioritizing In-depth Sociolinguistic Research on Literature Extensibility" (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation: 182–215.
- ^ a b Capo, Hounkpati B. C. (1990). "Towards a Viable Orthography for Egungbe". African Languages and Cultures. 3 (2): 109–125. doi:10.1080/09544169008717715. ISSN 0954-416X. JSTOR 1771717.
- ^ Iyetunde Ofulue, Christine (2015). Orie, Ọlanikẹ Ọla (ed.). Bilingualism and Language Maintenance in Small Language Communities: The Case of Gungbe. Ilọri, Johnson F., Yuka, Lendzemo Constantine. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4438-8142-5. OCLC 954254260.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)
Bibliography
- Saulnier, Pierre (1968). Manuel progressif de conversation en langue goun. Porto-Novo : Centre Catéchétique.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Aboh, Enoch (1996). "A propos de la syntaxe du Gungbe". Rivista di Grammatica Generativa.
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
Abomey
Adjassou-Linguetor
Adya Houn'tò
African-American religion
African diaspora in the Americas
African diaspora religions
African divination
African philosophy
Agassou
Agwé
Aja people
Akan religion
Alfred Burdon Ellis
Anaisa Pye
Androgyny
Angel
Arará religion
Autoritní kontrola
Ayida-Weddo
Ayizan
Azaka-Tonnerre
Baluba mythology
Bandiagara Escarpment
Bantu religion
Baron Criminel
Baron Samedi
Belie Belcan
Benin
Benin City
Bossou Ashadeh
Boum'ba Maza
Bugid Y Aiba
Bushongo mythology
Bwiti
Candomblé
Candomblé Jejé
Captain Debas
Christianity
Clermeil
Colonisation of Africa
Cosmogony
Creator deity
Cuban Vodú
Dahomean religion
Dahomey
Damballa
Dan Petro
Diable Tonnere
Diejuste
Digital object identifier
Dinclinsin
Dingir (časopis)
Dini Ya Msambwa
Dinka religion
Divination
Dogon religion
Doi (identifier)
Dominican Vudú
Domorodá náboženství
Eclecticism
Efik mythology
Erzulie
Ewe language
Ewe people
Fatick
Fetishism
File:Akodessawa Fetish Market 2005.jpg
File:Akodessawa Fetish Market 2008.jpg
File:Akodessawa Fetish Market 2016.jpg
File:Booth at Akodessawa Fetish Market 2008.jpg
File:Booth at Akodessawa Fetish Market 2016.jpg
File:Brooklyn Museum 1989.51.39 Nommo Figure with Raised Arms.jpg
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten masker TMnr 6372-2.jpg
File:Preparation of a bat at Akodessawa Fetish Market for Voodoo rituals.jpg
File:Skulls at Akodessawa Fetish Market 2008.jpg
File:Skulls at Akodessawa Fetish Market 2016.jpg
File:Voodo-altar.jpg
File:Voodo-fetischmarkt-Lomé.jpg
File:Voodoo.jpg
Filomez
Fon language
Fon people
Gemeinsame Normdatei
Ghana
Gran Maître
Gris-gris (talisman)
Guédé-Double
Guédé-Linto
Guede
Guede L'Orage
Guede Nibo
Gun language
Haiti
Haitian mythology
Haitian Vodou
Haitian Vodou art
Hausa animism
Help:Authority control
Help:CS1 errors#periodical ignored
Help:IPA
Heviosso
High priestess
Hogon
Hoodoo (folk magic)
Hoodoo (spirituality)
Houngan
Ifá
Ifẹ
Igbo-Ukwu
Intercession of saints
International Standard Book Number
Internet Archive
ISBN (identifier)
Islam
ISO 3166-2:BJ
ISSN (identifier)
Jorubové
Joseph Danger
JSTOR (identifier)
Juju
Kabiye
Kalfu
Kanem–Bornu Empire
Kingdom of Sine
Kongo religion
Kushite religion
L’Aube Nouvelle
Legba
Library of Congress Control Number
LIBRIS
List of African mythological figures
Loa
Lomé
Lotuko mythology
Louisiana Voodoo
Lozi mythology
Lugbara mythology
Maîtresse Délai
Maîtresse Hounon'gon
Maasai mythology
Mademoiselle Charlotte
Maman Brigitte
Mambo (Vodou)
Marassa Jumeaux
Marinette (loa)
Mawu
Mbuti mythology
Mombu
Mounanchou
Mount Hombori
Multiple religious belonging
Národní knihovna České republiky
Národní knihovna Izraele
Nana Buluku
Nasal vowel
Ndut initiation rite
Nebeská cirkev Kristova
New World
Nigeria
Nommo
Nri-Igbo
Nsukka
Odinala
Ogun
Okuyi
Ondřej Havelka (cestovatel)
Ouidah
Oyo, Oyo
Papa Legba
Persecution of traditional African religions
Phallus
Pie (loa)
Point of Sangomar
Polytematický strukturovaný heslář
Portal:Traditional African religion
Portal:Traditional African religions
Porto Novo
Priestly caste
Q177764#identifiers
Q177764#identifiers|Editovat na Wikidatech
Queen mothers in Africa
Religious cosmology
Religious persecution#Persecution of Dogons
Religious persecution#Persecution of Serers
Roman Catholic
S2CID (identifier)
Saltigue
Sangha, Mali
Sangha Ogol Leye
Santería
San religion
Serer religion
Shango
Simbi
Sine River
Sirius#Dogon
Sirius#Serer spirituality
Sobo (deity)
Somb
Soubor:Vodun statue in Benin.jpg
Soubor:Voodo-altar.jpg
Sousson-Pannan
Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-80-87580-24-0
Syncretic religion
Syncretism
Tambor de Mina
Tattaguine
Template:Cite book
Template:Traditional African religions
Template:Voodoo sidebar
Template talk:Traditional African religions
Template talk:Voodoo sidebar
The Journal of Negro History/Volume 7/Number 1/Slave Society on the Southern Plantation
Ti Jean Petro
Ti Jean Quinto
Ti Malice and Bouki
Togo
Tone (linguistics)
Traditional African religions
Traditional African religion and other religions
Trinidadian Vodunu
Tukar
Tumbuka mythology
Vúdú
Veneration of the dead
Veve
Vlajka Beninu
Vodun
Vodun art
Voodoo (disambiguation)
Waaqeffanna
Wayback Machine
West Africa
West African mythology
Wikimedia Commons
Wikipedia:Contents/Portals
Winti
Witchcraft
Witch doctor
Yaboyabo
Yoruba religion
Youga Dogorou
Zangbeto
Zulu traditional religion
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky
použitia.
www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk