Haplogroup E-M35
Possible time of origin	34,800 BP[1]
Coalescence age	23,900 BP[1]
Possible place of origin	North Africa, East Africa[2]
Ancestor	E-M215
Descendants	E-V68, E-Z827
Defining mutations	M35

E-M35, also known as E1b1b1-M35, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M35 has two basal branches, E-V68 and E-Z827. E-V68 and E-Z827 are primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occur at lower frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa.

Origins

In June 2015, Trombetta et al. reported a previously unappreciated large difference in the age between haplogroup E-M215 (38.6 kya; 95% CI 31.4–45.9 kya) and its sub-haplogroup E-M35 (25.0 kya; 95% CI 20.0–30.0 kya) and estimated its origin to be in Horn of Africa, where the node separating the E-V38 and E-M215 branches occurs about 47,500 years ago (95% CI: 41.3–56.8 ka).^[7] E-M35 was dated by Batini in 2015 to between 15,400 and 20,500 years ago.^[8]

All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, or nearby areas of the Near East. Some branches of E-M35 are assumed to have left Africa thousands of years ago, whereas others may have arrived from the Near East. For example, Underhill (2002) associates the spread of the haplogroup with the Neolithic Revolution, believing that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the Neolithic agricultural expansion". Battaglia et al. (2008) also estimate that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. Accordingly, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7,000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup.^[9] Two more E-M78 have been found in the Neolithic Sopot and Lengyel cultures too.^[10]

Concerning E-M35 in Europe within this scheme, Underhill & Kivisild (2007) have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-Pleistocene migration from North Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.^{[Note 1]} While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by Trombetta et al. (2011) that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from North Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route (see below.)

Ancient DNA

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient Levant predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.

Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era.^[11] Fossils at the Iberomaurusian site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern North Africans, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.^[12] The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).^[13]

Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).^[14]

Distribution

E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among Afroasiatic speakers. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the Afroasiatic Urheimat.^[15] Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Palestinians and Jewish male lineages are E-M35.^[16] Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%^[2] to 20%^[17][18] of 18% of Palestinians and Ashkenazi and 8.6%^[19] to 30%^[2] of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Palestinian and the Jewish population.^{[20][Note 2]}

The following table only includes sample populations with more than 1% E-M215 men with all known subclades as of June 2015. It contains the E-V1515 clade defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, and all the E1b1b subclades distributed below the Sahara (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6), which were identified as E-M35 basal clades in a former phylogeny.^[21]

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Haplogroup_E-M35
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Population	N	Region	Language	Total E-M215	E-V2009	E-M78*	E-V1477	E-V1083*	E-V13	E-V22	E-V12*	E-V32	E-V259	E-V65	E-V257*	E-M81	E-M123*	E-M34	E-V1515*	E-V1486*	E-V2881*	E-V1792	E-V92	E-M293*	E-V3065	E-V42	E-V1785*	E-V6	E-V16
Northern Africa
Moroccan Arabs	55	Morocco	AA/Semitic	15.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	7.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	32.7	0.0	30.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asni Berbers	54	Morocco	AA/Berber	85.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.9	79.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bouhria Berbers	67	Morocco	AA/Berber	79.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	77.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Middle Atlas Berbers	69	Morocco	AA/Berber	81.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	10.1	0.0	71.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marrakech Berbers	27	Morocco	AA/Berber	92.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.7	3.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.7	77.8	0.0	3.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Souss Berbers	34	Morocco	AA/Berber	79.4	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	76.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ouarzazate Berbers	31	Morocco	AA/Berber	54.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	54.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mozabite Berbers	67	Algeria	AA/Berber	89.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.0	86.6	0.0	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian Jews	10	Tunisia	AA/Semitic	20.0	0.0	0.0	10.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	10.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan Arabs	10	Libya	AA/Semitic	20.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.0	0.0	30.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan Jews	23	Libya	AA/Semitic	26.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Egyptians	49	Egypt	AA/Semitic	20.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	16.3	4.1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.1	4.1	10.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egyptian Berbers from Siwa	93	Egypt	AA/Semitic	18.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.2	0.0	0.0	4.3	2.2	1.1	0.0	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.5	0.0
Egyptians from Baharia	41	Egypt	AA/Semitic	56.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	22.0	14.6	0.0	0.0	2.4	7.3	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.0