Help:IPA/Norwegian

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Norwegian on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Norwegian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcuts

The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Norwegian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

The accent that has been used here as a model is Urban East Norwegian, the pronunciation of Bokmål spoken in the Oslo region and most commonly taught to foreigners.

See also Norwegian phonology and Norwegian orthography § Sound to spelling correspondences for more details about pronunciation of Norwegian.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	Nearest English equivalent
b	bil	bee
ç	kjip	hue
d	dag	day, but dental
ɖ	sardin	hard
f	fot	foot
ɡ	god	good
h	hatt	hat
j	jojo	yoyo
k	kafé	coffee
l	lake, Karl, Hordaland	lack
l̩	Abel	little, but without velarization; German Esel
ɫ	falsk	pull
m	man	man
n	natt	night, but dental
n̩	natten	chosen
ɳ	barn	night
ɳ̍	Kristoffersen	unnecessary
ŋ	ting	thing
p	pappa	papa
r	år	GA atom
ɽ	Vålerenga^ⓘ	GA atom, but retroflex
s	sabel	sabre
ʂ	sjø, torsdag	shoe, but retroflex
t	tirsdag	time, but dental
ʈ	parti	time
v	vaktel	vat
Non-native consonants
ʈʂ	Chile, match	challenge, but retroflex
Other symbols
◌ː	sommer	roommate

Stress and tone
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ◌̀	bønder	Low tone / tone 1 / acute accent
ˈ◌̂	bønner	Falling tone / tone 2 / grave accent
ˌ◌	skoledisippel	Secondary stress

Vowels
IPA	Examples	Nearest English equivalent
Monophthongs
ɑ	fast	art
ɑː	mat	bra, RP car
æ	fersk, æsj	trap
æː	ære	Australian mad
ɛ	helle, ætt	set
eː	hel, græle	Scottish save
ɪ	sill	hill
iː	i	need
ɔ	åtte	off
oː	mål	story
œ	nøtt	roughly like bet, but with rounded lips; German Röcke
øː	dø⁸	roughly like Scottish save, but with rounded lips; German schön
ʊ	ond⁸	put
uː	bot⁸	fool
ʉ	full⁸⁹	Australian goose; German müssen
ʉː	ful⁸⁹	Australian choose; German üben
ʏ	nytt⁸⁹	roughly like hit, but with rounded lips; Swedish syll
yː	syl⁸⁹	roughly like leave, but with rounded lips; Swedish syl
Diphthongs
ɑɪ	kai	price
æɪ	bein	Australian day
æʉ	hauk⁸	have
ɛɪ	mail¹⁰	day
ɔʏ	boi⁸	boy
œʏ	røyk⁸	Canadian ice
ʉɪ	hui⁸¹¹	fluid
Reduced vowels
ə	påle	about

Notesedit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Clusters of /r/ and laminal consonants /rd/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex realizations in a recursive Sandhi process: ɖ, ɳ, ʂ, ʈ.
^ ^a ^b In contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical /l/ and laminal /l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical /rl/ and the simple /l/ when not preceded by /oː/ or /ɑː/. The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar l. Only the laminal l̻ occurs after /t, d, n/ (in this guide transcribed the same as l) and after /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized ɫ̻ (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels but not after the central /ə/ (Kristoffersen 2000:25).
^ a b When a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than /ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and /l/ (as in Hordaland ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn), the lateral is clear l regardless of the preceding vowel.
^ /ɽ/ often alternates with /l/ (sometimes with /r/), but there is a small number of words in which only /ɽ/ occurs (Kristoffersen 2000:24, 90).
^ This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.
^ Stressed short vowels usually trigger the gemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.
^ ^a ^b The rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ are protruded vowels, while ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː (including the ʉ element in æʉ and ʉɪ) are compressed.
^ a b c d The distinction between compressed ʉ and protruded y is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed ʉ sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed ʏ (as in müssen ˈmʏsn̩).

Norwegian protruded ʏ sounds more similar to English unrounded ɪ (as in hit) than to German compressed ʏ, and it is very close to Swedish protruded ʏ (as in syll sʏlː).
Similarly,
Norwegian compressed ʉː sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed yː.

Norwegian protruded yː sounds more similar to English unrounded iː (as in leave) than to German compressed yː, and it is very close to Swedish protruded yː (as in syl syːl).
^ ɛɪ appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have ɛɪ in their diphthong inventory replace it with æɪ (Kristoffersen 2000:19).
^ ʉɪ appears only in the word hui (Kristoffersen 2000:19).

Referencesedit

Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969), Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) First published 1997, Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) First published 1996, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (in Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Vanvik, Arne (1985), Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-8299058414

External linksedit

"Lexin". Uni Research Computing.
"Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter" (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Help:IPA/Norwegian
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

[retroflex-1] Clusters of /r/ and laminal consonants /rd/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex realizations in a recursive Sandhi process: ɖ, ɳ, ʂ, ʈ.

[laterals-2] In contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical /l/ and laminal /l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical /rl/ and the simple /l/ when not preceded by /oː/ or /ɑː/. The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar l. Only the laminal l̻ occurs after /t, d, n/ (in this guide transcribed the same as l) and after /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized ɫ̻ (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels but not after the central /ə/ (Kristoffersen 2000:25).

[clearafterbackvowels-3] When a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than /ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and /l/ (as in Hordaland ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn^ⓘ), the lateral is clear l regardless of the preceding vowel.

[4] /ɽ/ often alternates with /l/ (sometimes with /r/), but there is a small number of words in which only /ɽ/ occurs (Kristoffersen 2000:24, 90).

[5] This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.

[6] Stressed short vowels usually trigger the gemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.

[rise-7] The rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.

[roundedness-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ are protruded vowels, while ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː (including the ʉ element in æʉ and ʉɪ) are compressed.

[closerounded-9] The distinction between compressed ʉ and protruded y is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed ʉ sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed ʏ (as in müssen ˈmʏsn̩^ⓘ).

Norwegian protruded ʏ sounds more similar to English unrounded ɪ (as in hit) than to German compressed ʏ, and it is very close to Swedish protruded ʏ (as in syll sʏlː^ⓘ).
Similarly,
Norwegian compressed ʉː sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed yː.

Norwegian protruded yː sounds more similar to English unrounded iː (as in leave) than to German compressed yː, and it is very close to Swedish protruded yː (as in syl syːl^ⓘ).

[10] Norwegian compressed ʉ sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed ʏ (as in müssen ˈmʏsn̩^ⓘ).

[11] Norwegian protruded ʏ sounds more similar to English unrounded ɪ (as in hit) than to German compressed ʏ, and it is very close to Swedish protruded ʏ (as in syll sʏlː^ⓘ).

[12] Norwegian compressed ʉː sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed yː.

[13] Norwegian protruded yː sounds more similar to English unrounded iː (as in leave) than to German compressed yː, and it is very close to Swedish protruded yː (as in syl syːl^ⓘ).

[10] ɛɪ appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have ɛɪ in their diphthong inventory replace it with æɪ (Kristoffersen 2000:19).

[11] ʉɪ appears only in the word hui (Kristoffersen 2000:19).

8

9

10

11

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Adyghe Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Modern Standard Egyptian Hejazi Lebanese Tunisian Armenian Assamese Asturian Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Catalan / Valencian Standard Insular Chinese Mandarin Cantonese Hokkien Jin Wu Xiang Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dutch English Old English Emilian-Romagnol Esperanto Estonian Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provençal French Galician Georgian German Standard Alemannic Colognian Greek Greenlandic Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Inuktitut Inupiaq Irish Isan Italian Central Japanese Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish Kyrgyz Lakota Lao Latin Latvian Ligurian Lithuanian Lombard Luxembourgish Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Manx Māori Marathi Marshallese Mauritian Creole Mayan Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Pashto Persian Piedmontese Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Sicilian Slovak Slovene Sorbian Spanish Swahili Swazi Swedish Sylheti Tagalog Tai Lue Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Frisian Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zhuang Zulu
Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

Notesedit

Referencesedit

See alsoedit

External linksedit