Help:Score

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H:SCORE

The <score>...</score> element in wikitext displays a musical score out of GNU LilyPond (the default) or ABC markup syntax. It also produces a MIDI file of the music and optionally displays an audio player that plays the music. It is implemented by the Score extension for MediaWiki, available across Wikipedia languages.

For LilyPond resources, see § External links. As of August 2021, the extension on Wikipedia is using LilyPond v2.22.0 (check Special:Version for the current version). Changes to LilyPond since version 2.18 are documented here. Note that LilyPond's full syntax is available when the extension is invoked with the wikitext <score raw="1">. A plain <score> invokes a simplified implementation that is not fully consistent with the LilyPond documentation.

Element attributes

Attribute	Description
`lang="ABC"`	use ABC notation (see standard documentation; many parts newer than 1.6 are unsupported, so preview often)
`lang="lilypond"`	use LilyPond notation (default, see #Syntax)
`sound="1"`	add an audio player beneath the score image to play an automatically-generated Ogg Vorbis audio file
`raw="1"`	interpret the markup within the `score` tag as a complete LilyPond file, allowing more complex scores
`midi="1"`	obsolete This used to control whether the score image links to an automatically-generated MIDI file; clicking the score now always shows a JavaScript pop-up with a link to the MIDI file.
`override_midi="…"`	deprecated replace the automatically-generated MIDI file by the given one
`override_audio="…"`	deprecated replace the automatically-generated audio file by the given one
`override_ogg="…"`	deprecated alias for `override_audio`
`vorbis="1"`	deprecated alias for `sound`

If there is a MIDI file or audio file of superior quality to the MIDI or audio generated by the Score extension, you can provide a File:: wikilink to it after the closing </score> tag.

Examplesedit

Simpleedit

<score>
{c' d' e' f' g' fis' es' cis' c'2}
</score>

gives

Equivalent in ABC notation:

<score lang="ABC">
L:1/4
CDEF | G^F_E^C | C2
</score>

More elaborateedit

<score sound="1">
  \transpose c g \relative c' { % display G for C, etc. and one octave higher
  \key c \minor
  \time 4/4
    c4 e8 e g4 g          % (text after the % is just a comment)
    <c es g>2 <c es g>    % angle brackets create chords
    es4 d( c b)         % parentheses create slurs
    a4. r8 r8 a8 ~ a4     % r creates rests; ~ creates ties
    e-- e-> e-. g\fermata % accents and other signs
    \bar "|."
  }
</score>

gives

$\transpose c g \relative c'{ \key c \minor \time 4/4 c4 e8 e g4 g % (text after the % is just a comment) <c es g>2 <c es g> % angle brackets create chords es4 d( c b) % parentheses create slurs a4. r8 r8 a8 ~ a4 % r creates rests; ~ creates ties e-- e-> e-. g\fermata % accents and other signs \bar "|." } % This is just a comment line.$

Equivalent in ABC (pre-transposed due to differing semantics):

<score lang="ABC">
K: Gm 
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
G =B/2B/2 dd |      % a comment
gbd'2 gbd'2 |   % square brackets create chords (not supported by abc2ly)
b (ag^e) |          % parentheses create slurs
=e3/2 z/2 z/2 c/2-c % z creates rests; - creates ties
!tenuto!=B LB .B HB % see standard section "Decorations" (not supported by abc2ly)
|
</score>

Syntaxedit

The score section must be surrounded by <score>...</score>. The notes must be within a set of curly braces {...}.

Comments in the markup start with a percentage sign % and end at the end of the line.

Pitchedit

To display a note, type the letter (a b c etc.) Separate each letter with a space. The bare note name refers to the natural note irrespective of key signature (see "setting the key" below). These letters are as in English and Dutch, not as in German and many other continental languages (FYI: continental b means b flat and continental h means b - if you find that confusing, forget it).

Sharps and flats are formed by using the Dutch and German suffixes "is" and "es" respectively. To avoid "ees", the note E♭ is simply written as es. The simple accidentals are thus ais bis cis dis eis fis gis for the sharps and aes bes ces des es fes ges for the flats. English language editors may prefer to include the line \language "english" in the script, after which s for sharp and f for flat can be used: as bs cs ds es fs gs and af bf cf df ef ff gf. Double sharps are formed with the suffix isis and double flats with eses, or in English notation with ss or x and ff. Semi-sharps, -flats and sesqui-sharps and -flats are also supported in both English and German. See: #Accidentals.

By default, each note name refers to the note below middle C. For example, c would be displayed as

$\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{c}$

or

$\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{\clef bass c}$

. Use the apostrophe (') to go up an octave and a comma (,) to go an octave down. Middle C would be c'

$\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{ c'}$

.

 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
  {
    a,, c, e, a, c e a c' % Middle C
    e' a' c'' e'' a'' c''' e''' g''' \bar "||"
    aes'' bes'' gis'' dis'' aeses'' beses'' gisis'' disis'' \bar "||"
    aeh'' beseh'' gih'' disih''  \bar "||"
    \language "english"
    af'' bf'' gs'' ds'' aff'' bff'' gss'' bx'' \bar "||"
    aqf'' btqf'' gqs'' dtqs''
  }
 </score>

${ a,, c, e, a, c e a c' %Middle C e' a' c'' e'' a'' c''' e''' g''' \bar "||" aes'' bes'' gis'' dis'' aeses'' beses'' gisis'' disis'' \bar "||" aeh'' beseh'' gih'' disih'' \bar "||" \language "english" af'' bf'' gs'' ds'' aff'' bff'' gss'' bx'' \bar "||" aqf'' btqf'' gqs'' dtqs'' }$

A much easier way is to use relative coding. If you include \relative before the braces, each note will refer to the note closest to the previous one, and the first one will refer to the note closest to the one mentioned after the \relative tag. ("Closest" ignores sharps and flats.) Use ' to go up an extra octave and , to go down.

 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
  e f <c e g>2
  a'4( b c) c,
  d8 e f16 g a b
  c4. a8 e' f g, f r \autoBeamOff e d c
  b4 a g b-> c2.-> r4
  \bar "|."
  }
 </score>

$\relative c' { e f <c e g>2 a'4( b c) c, d8 e f16 g a b c4. a8 e' f g, f r \autoBeamOff e d c b4 a g b-> c2.-> r4 \bar "|." }$

Setting the keyedit

By default there is no key signature (no sharps or flats). You can indicate the key with \key g \major, \key c \minor, or even a mode such as \key c \dorian or \key c \mixolydian. The key can be changed at any point.

Keep in mind that even with a key signature, you must still include sharps (-is) and flats (-es) for each individual note name. If you omit one, it will be considered a natural. For example, this is the key of Gb major:

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
   \key ges \major
   \time 6/8

% Notes with -es suffixes indicating flats
   des8 es ges aes bes ces

% Notes without accidentals (naturals)
   b c d e g a
  }
</score>

$\relative c' { \key ges \major \time 6/8 % Notes with -es suffixes indicating flats des8 es ges aes bes ces % Notes without accidentals (naturals) b c d e g a }$

Accidentalsedit

Accidentals may be indicated by following the note name with the appropriate text:

			♭		♮		♯
De	eses	eseh	es	eh	!	ih	is	isih	isis
En	ff	tqf	f	qf	!	qs	s	tqs	ss or x

Note that E♭ is "es" alone, rather than "ees". "q" and "tq" refer to "quarter" and "three-quarter" (rather than "hf" for "half flat" and "thf" for "three-half flat"), as in "quarter tone". However, the "quarter flat/sharp" is not a quarter of a flat/sharp, but instead half of a flat/sharp, and the "three-quarter flat/sharp" is 1.5 flats not 0.75 flats. Notes outside of the quarter-tone scale are not supported.

German:

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1"> {

\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
    \relative c'' {
        \time 4/4
        aeses1 aeseh aes aeh a! aih ais aisih aisis
    }  }
</score>

English:

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1"> {

\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
    \relative c'' {
        \time 4/4
\language "english"
        aff1 atqf af aqf a! aqs as atqs ass
    }  }
</score>

Both result in:

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \language "english" aff1 atqf af aqf a! aqs as atqs ass } }$

Transpose and transpositionedit

If, for some reason, a piece needs to be transposed to a different key, it is possible to do so without having to transcribe it manually. This also affects the key signature. The syntax for this is:

\transpose frompitch topitch musicexpr

For example:

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">\transpose c es {
    \relative c' {
        \key c \major \time 4/4
        c4 d e f g a b c
    }  
}
</score>

Results in:

$\transpose c es { \relative c' { \key c \major \time 4/4 c4 d e f g a b c } }$

MIDI output can be transpositioned with the \transposition <pitch> command. The French horn (in C) motif from the opening of Schubert's last symphony, transpositioned one octave down:

<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
  \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
  \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0
  \tempo "Andante"
  \tempo 4 = 80
  \transposition c
  \key c \major
  \time 2/2
  c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1
}
</score>

$\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0 \tempo "Andante" \tempo 4 = 80 \transposition c \key c \major \time 2/2 c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1 }$

The \transposition command is mainly intended for scores that incolve transposing instruments not set in concert pitch.

<score sound="1">
\new GrandStaff <<
  \new Staff = "violin" \with {
    instrumentName = "Vln"
    midiInstrument = "violin"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    % not strictly necessary, but a good reminder
    \transposition c'
    \key c \major
    g4( c8) r c r c4
  }
  \new Staff = "clarinet" \with {
    instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) }
    midiInstrument = "clarinet"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    \transposition bes
    \key d \major
    a4( d8) r d r d4
  }
>>
</score>

$\new GrandStaff << \new Staff = "violin" \with { instrumentName = "Vln" midiInstrument = "violin" } \relative c'' { % not strictly necessary, but a good reminder \transposition c' \key c \major g4( c8) r c r c4 } \new Staff = "clarinet" \with { instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) } midiInstrument = "clarinet" } \relative c'' { \transposition bes \key d \major a4( d8) r d r d4 } >>$

Rhythmedit

Note duration is indicated by a number following the pitch with no space between (a4 b8). Use the number 1 for a whole note (semibreve), 2 for a half note (minim), 4 for a quarter note (crotchet), 8 for an eighth note (quaver), and so on. If a note does not have an explicit duration, it will either default to a quarter note or use the duration of the note preceding it.

Rests are indicated by using the letter r instead of a pitch. Dotted notes are formed simply by following the duration number with a period (c4.).

Tuplets are indicated using the \times command, for example \times 2/3 {c8 c c} gives a triplet of three eight-notes (quavers).

 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
   \relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}
 </score>

$\relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}$

Setting the time signatureedit

The default time signature is 4/4. To set another time signature, one may use the \time command. For example to set the time signature to cut-time one would use \time 2/2 and waltz time would be \time 3/4. The time signature may be changed at almost any point.

Removing the time signatureedit

For some music examples, removing the time signature may be desirable; the code \remove "Time_signature_engraver" can be used in that case:

<score>
{
  \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
  <d' fis' a'>2
}
</score>

${ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } <d' fis' a'>2 }$

Pick up measureedit

The code \partial 4 will create a pickup measure (anacrusis) of one quarter note, \partial 4*2 would create a pickup measure of two quarter notes, etc. See an example in the Adding Lyrics section of this article.

Customizing beamsedit

$\relative c'' { \time 3/4 r4. g8 a8 b8 }$

The software occasionally combines beamed notes in places that are not desired or look awkward. To override the automatic beams, use \noBeam between the notes that would otherwise be beamed: g a b \noBeam g. To turn off beaming for many notes, use \autoBeamOff and then \autoBeamOn.

<score>
  \relative c'' {
     \time 3/4
     r4. g8 \noBeam a8 b8
  }
</score>

$\relative c'' { \time 3/4 r4. g8 \noBeam a8 b8 }$

To manually beam notes, use square brackets inserting the first one after the first note to be beamed: a8 b c d e f. This would beam the notes b, c, d, and e, but leave the first and last notes without beams.

$\relative c''{a8 b c d e f}$

Adding lyricsedit

You can add lyrics to the score using \addlyrics. See the LilyPond Manual for more information about how to align the lyrics to the score.

<score raw="1" lang="lilypond">
  \header {
    tagline = "" % no footer
    title = "Good Morning"
    composer = "trad."
  }
  \relative g' {
    \key g \major \time 3/4
    \partial 4 d
     e d g
     fis2 d4
     e d a'
     g2 d4
     d' b g
     fis e c'
     b g a
     g2 \fermata
     \bar "|."
   }
   \addlyrics {
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning dear chil -- dren,
     Good mor -- ning to all.
   }
  </score>

$\header { tagline = "" % no footer title = "Good Morning" composer = "trad." } \relative g' { \key g \major \time 3/4 \partial 4 d e d g fis2 d4 e d a' </noscript><b>Zdroj:</b>https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Help:Score<br>Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.<hr></div> <div class=$

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Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok.
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