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Help:IPA
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Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:IPA/English. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the main IPA article or on the extensive IPA chart. For the Manual of Style guideline for pronunciation, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation.
For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers: French, Standard German and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Standard Chinese, Hindustani, Arabic and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other well-analyzed languages are used, such as Swahili, Zulu and Turkish.
The left-hand column displays the individual symbols in square brackets ( ⓘ). Click on "listen" to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. Consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.
If the characters do not display, you may need to install a supporting font. Free fonts with good IPA support include Gentium Plus (serif) and Andika (sans-serif).
Main symbols
The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end, the others section.
| Symbol | Examples | Description |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
| ⓘ | Modern RP cat, German Mann, French gare | The RP vowel is often transcribed with ⟨æ⟩ for historical reasons. For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. |
| ⓘ | Mandarin 他 tā, American English father, Spanish casa, French patte | |
| ⓘ | RP cut, German Kaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English, is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
| ⓘ | RP father, French pâte, Dutch bad | |
| ⓘ | French Caen, sans, temps | Nasalized . |
| ⓘ | Canadian English lot, Persian فارسی / fârsi | Like , but with the lips slightly rounded. |
| ʌ ⓘ | American English cut | Like ɔ, but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be ɐ or ɜ.) |
| æ ⓘ | GA cat | |
| B | ||
| b ⓘ | English babble | |
| ɓ ⓘ | Swahili bwana | Like a b said with a gulp. See implosive consonants. |
| β ⓘ | Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", Korean 무궁화 muɡuŋβwa̠ mugunghwa | Like b, but with the lips not quite closed. |
| ʙ ⓘ | Nias simbi siʙi "lower jaw" | Sputtering. |
| C | ||
| c ⓘ | Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for tʃ in languages like Hindi. |
| ç ⓘ | German Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than x. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
| ɕ ⓘ | Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana | More y-like than ʃ; something like English she. |
| ɔ ⓘ | see under O | |
| D | ||
| d ⓘ | English dad | |
| ɗ ⓘ | Swahili Dodoma | Like d said with a gulp. |
| ɖ ⓘ | American English harder | Like d with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| ð ⓘ | English the, bathe | |
| dz ⓘ | English adds, Italian zero | |
| dʒ ⓘ | English judge | |
| dʑ ⓘ | Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like dʒ, but with more of a y-sound. |
| dʐ ⓘ | Polish dżem "jam" | Like dʒ with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| E | ||
| e ⓘ | Scottish English day, Australian English bet, Spanish fe; French clé, German Klee | Similar to American English hey, before the y sets in. |
| ɘ ⓘ | Australian English bird | |
| ə ⓘ | English above, Hindi अब əb (ab) "now" | |
| ɚ ⓘ | American English runner | |
| ɛ ⓘ | British, Irish, North American English bet, New Zealand English bat | |
| ɛ̃ ⓘ | French Saint-Étienne, vin, main | Nasalized ɛ. |
| ɜ ⓘ | RP bird (long) | |
| ɝ ⓘ | American English bird | |
| F | ||
| f ⓘ | English fun | |
| ɟ ⓘ | see under J | |
| ʄ ⓘ | see under J | |
| G | ||
| ɡ ⓘ | English gag | (Should look like  . No different from a Latin "g")
|
| ɠ ⓘ | Swahili Uganda | Like ɡ said with a gulp. |
| ɢ ⓘ | Like ɡ, but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi. | |
| ʒ ⓘ | see under Z | English beige. |
| H | ||
| h ⓘ | American English house | |
| ɦ ⓘ | English ahead, when said quickly. | |
| ʰ | The extra puff of air in English top tʰɒp compared to stop stɒp, or to French or Spanish t. | |
| ħ ⓘ | Arabic مُحَمَّد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like h, but stronger. |
| ʜ | Iraqi Arabic حَي ʜaj "alive" | Corresponds to /ħ/ (ح) in Standard Arabic. |
| ɥ ⓘ | see under Y | |
| ɮ ⓘ | see under L | |
| I | ||
| i ⓘ | English sea, French ville, Spanish Valladolid | |
| ɪ ⓘ | British, Irish, North American English sit, New Zealand English set | |
| ɨ ⓘ | Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
| J | ||
| j ⓘ | English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
| ʲ | In Russian Ленин ˈlʲenʲɪn | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
| ʝ ⓘ | Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like j, but stronger. |
| ɟ ⓘ | Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for dʒ in languages like Hindi. |
| ʄ ⓘ | Swahili jambo | Like ɟ said with a gulp. |
| K | ||
| k ⓘ | English kick, skip | |
| L | ||
| l ⓘ | English leaf | |
| ɫ ⓘ | English wool Russian малый ˈmɑɫɨj "small" |
"Dark" el. |
| ɬ ⓘ | Welsh llwyd ɬʊɪd "grey" Zulu hlala ɬaːla "sit" |
By touching the roof of mouth with the tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
| ɭ ⓘ | Like l with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
| ɺ ⓘ | A flapped l, like l and ɾ said together. | |
| ɮ ⓘ | Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like l and ʒ, or l and ð, said together. |
| ʟ ⓘ | ||
| M | ||
| m ⓘ | English mime | |
| ɱ ⓘ | English symphony | Like m, but the lips touch the teeth as they do in f. |
| ɯ ⓘ | see under W | |
| ʍ ⓘ | see under W | |
| N | ||
| n ⓘ | English nun | |
| ŋ ⓘ | English sing, Māori nga | |
| ɲ ⓘ | Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
| ɳ ⓘ | Hindi वरुण ʋəruɳ Varuna | Like n with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| ɴ ⓘ | Castilian Spanish Don Juan doɴˈχwan | Like ŋ, but further back, in the throat. |
| O | ||
| o ⓘ | Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English caught (long) Spanish no, French eau, German Boden |
Somewhat reminiscent of American English no. The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɔː⟩ for historical reasons. |
| ɔ ⓘ | Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English cot German Oldenburg, French Garonne |
The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɒ⟩ for historical reasons. |
| ɔ̃ ⓘ | French Lyon, son | Nasalized ɔ. |
| ø ⓘ | New Zealand English nurse, French feu, bœufs, German Goethe | Like e, but with the lips rounded like o. |
| ɵ ⓘ | Modern RP foot, Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum | Halfway between o and ø. Similar to ʊ but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The RP vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ʊ⟩, the Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩. |
| œ ⓘ | French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like ɛ, but with the lips rounded like ɔ. |
| œ̃ ⓘ | French brun, parfum | Nasalized œ. |
| ɶ ⓘ | ||
| θ ⓘ | see under Others | |
| ɸ ⓘ | see under Others | |
| P | ||
| p ⓘ | English pip | |
| Q | ||
| q ⓘ | Arabic قُرْآن Qur’ān | Like k, but further back, in the throat. |
| R | ||
| r ⓘ | Spanish perro, Scottish English borrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English ɹ, when there's no ambiguity.) |
| ɾ ⓘ | Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
| ʀ ⓘ | Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
| ɽ ⓘ | Urdu ساڑی saːɽiː "saree" | Like flapped ɾ, but with the tongue curled back. |
| ɹ ⓘ | most accents of English borrow | |
| ɻ ⓘ | Tamil புழு Puḻu "Worm", Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter | Like ɹ, but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
| ʁ ⓘ | French Paris, German Riemann (some dialects) | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
| S | ||
| s ⓘ | English sass | |
| ʃ ⓘ | English shoe | |
| ʂ ⓘ | Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to ʃ, but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| T | ||
| t ⓘ | English tot, stop | |
| ʈ ⓘ | Hindi टमाटर ʈəmaːʈəɾ (ṭamāṭar) "tomato" | Like t, but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| ts ⓘ | English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
| tʃ ⓘ | English church | |
| tɕ ⓘ | Mandarin 北京 Běijīng (ⓘ), Polish ciebie "you" | Like tʃ, but with more of a y-sound. |
| tʂ ⓘ | Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas | Like tʃ with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| U | ||
| u ⓘ | American English food, French vous "you", German Schumacher | |
| ʊ ⓘ | American English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
| ʉ ⓘ | Modern RP, Australian English food (long) | Like ɨ, but with the lips rounded as for u. |
| ɥ ⓘ | see under Y | |
| ɯ ⓘ | see under W | |
| V | ||
| v ⓘ | English verve | |
| ʋ ⓘ | Hindi वरुण ʋəɾʊɳə "Varuna" | Between v and w. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
| ɤ ⓘ | see under Y | |
| ɣ ⓘ | see under Y | |
| ʌ ⓘ | see under A | |
| W | ||
| w ⓘ | English wow | |
| ʷ | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain | |
| ʍ ⓘ | what (some dialects) | like h and w said together |
| ɯ ⓘ | Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol | Like u, but with the lips flat; something like ʊ. |
| ɰ ⓘ | Spanish agua | Like w, but with the lips flat. |
| X | ||
| x ⓘ | Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хлеб xlʲep "bread", Spanish joven | between k and h
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