A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Select committee | |
|---|---|
Defunct United States House of Representatives 117th Congress | |
.png){kind=logo} Committee logo | |
| History | |
| Formed | July 1, 2021 |
| Disbanded | January 3, 2023 |
| Leadership | |
| Chair | Bennie Thompson (D) Since July 1, 2021 |
| Vice chair | Liz Cheney (R) Since September 2, 2021 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 9 |
| Political parties | Majority (7)
|
| Jurisdiction | |
| Purpose | To investigate the attack on the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021 |
| Senate counterpart | None |
| Website | |
| january6th-benniethompson | |
The United States House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (commonly referred to as the January 6th Committee) was a select committee of the U.S. House of Representatives established to investigate the U.S. Capitol attack.[1]
After refusing to concede the 2020 U.S. presidential election and perpetuating false and disproven claims of widespread voter fraud, then-President Donald Trump summoned a mob of protestors to the Capitol as the electoral votes were being counted on January 6, 2021. During the House Committee's subsequent investigation, people gave sworn testimony that Trump knew he lost the election.[2] The Committee subpoenaed his testimony, identifying him as "the center of the first and only effort by any U.S. President to overturn an election and obstruct the peaceful transition of power".[3] He sued the committee and never testified.[4][5]
On December 19, 2022, the Committee voted unanimously to refer Trump and the lawyer John Eastman to the U.S. Department of Justice for prosecution.[6] Recommended charges for Trump were obstruction of an official proceeding; conspiracy to defraud the United States; conspiracy to make a false statement; and attempts to "incite", "assist" or "aid or comfort" an insurrection.[7] Obstruction and conspiracy to defraud were also the recommended charges for Eastman.[8]
Some members of Trump's inner circle had cooperated with the committee, while others defied it.[9] For refusing to testify:
- Steve Bannon and Peter Navarro were convicted of contempt of Congress. Each was sentenced to four months in prison,[10][11] and Navarro began his sentence in March 2024.[12]
- Mark Meadows and Dan Scavino were also held in criminal contempt by Congress (but not prosecuted by DOJ).[13][14]
- Representatives McCarthy, Jordan, Biggs, and Perry were referred to the House Ethics Committee.[15]
The Committee interviewed over a thousand people[16] and reviewed over a million documents.[3] On December 22, 2022, it published an 845-page final report[17][18][19] (including the executive summary released three days earlier).[20] That week, the committee also began publishing interview transcripts.[21]
The committee was formed through a largely party-line vote on July 1, 2021, and it dissolved in early January 2023.[a][22] Its membership was a point of significant political contention. The only two House Republicans to vote to establish the Committee[23] were also the only two Republicans to serve on it: Liz Cheney and Adam Kinzinger.[b][24][25] The Republican National Committee censured them for their participation.[26]
History
| January 6 United States Capitol attack |
|---|
_(cropped_to_gallows).jpg) |
| Timeline • Planning |
| Background |
| Participants |
| Aftermath |
On May 19, 2021, in the aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack, the House voted to form an independent bicameral commission to investigate the attack, similar to the 9/11 Commission.[27] The bipartisan Bill passed the House 252–175, with thirty-five Republicans voting in favor. The large number of defections was considered a rebuke of Minority Leader McCarthy, who reversed course and whipped against the proposal, after initially deputizing Rep. John Katko to negotiate for Republicans.[27] The proposal was defeated by a filibuster from Republicans in the Senate.[28] In late May, when it had become apparent that the filibuster would not be overcome, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi indicated that she would appoint a select committee to investigate the events as a fallback option.[29][30][31][32]
On June 30, 2021, H.Res.503, "Establishing the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol",[33] passed the House 222–190, with all Democratic members and two Republican members, Adam Kinzinger and Liz Cheney, voting in favor.[23] Sixteen Republican members did not vote.[34] The resolution empowered Pelosi to appoint eight members to the committee, and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy could appoint five members "in consultation" with the Speaker.[35] Pelosi indicated that she would name a Republican as one of her eight appointees.[36]
On July 1, Pelosi appointed eight members, seven Democrats and one Republican, Liz Cheney (R-WY). Bennie Thompson (D-MS) was appointed committee chairman.[37]
On July 19, McCarthy announced his five selections, recommending Jim Banks (R-IN) serve as Ranking Member, along with Jim Jordan (R-OH), Rodney Davis (R-IL), Kelly Armstrong (R-ND), and Troy Nehls (R-TX).[38] Banks, Jordan, and Nehls had voted to overturn the Electoral College results in Arizona and Pennsylvania. Banks and Jordan had also signed onto the Supreme Court case Texas v. Pennsylvania to invalidate the ballots of voters in four states.[39]
On July 21, Thompson announced that he would investigate Trump as part of the inquiry into the Capitol attack.[40] Hours later, Pelosi announced that she had informed McCarthy that she was rejecting Jordan and Banks, citing concerns for the investigation's integrity and relevant actions and statements made by the two members. She approved the recommendations of the other three.[41] Rather than suggesting two replacements, McCarthy insisted he would not appoint anyone unless all five of his choices were approved.[42][43] When McCarthy pulled all of his picks, he eliminated all Trump defenders on the committee and cleared the field for Pelosi to control the committee's entire makeup and workings. This was widely interpreted as a costly political miscalculation by McCarthy.[44][45][46]
On July 25, after McCarthy rescinded all of his selections, Pelosi announced that she had appointed Adam Kinzinger (R-IL), one of the ten House Republicans who voted for Trump's second impeachment, to the committee.[47][48][49] Pelosi also hired a Republican, former Rep. Denver Riggleman (R-VA), as an outside committee staffer or advisor.[50] Cheney voiced her support and pushed for the involvement of both.[49]
On February 4, 2022, the Republican National Committee voted to censure Cheney and Kinzinger, which it had never before done to any sitting congressional Republican. The resolution formally dropped "all support of them as members of the Republican Party", arguing that their work on the select committee was hurting Republican prospects in the midterm elections.[26][51] Kinzinger had already announced on October 29, 2021, that he would not run for reelection.[52] Cheney lost the primary for her reelection on August 16, 2022.[53]
Members
The committee's chair was Bennie Thompson, and the vice chair was Liz Cheney. Seven Democrats and two Republicans sat on the committee.
| Majority | Minority |
|---|---|
|
|
In July 2021, Thompson announced the senior staff:[62]
- David Buckley as staff director. Served as CIA inspector general and House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence minority staff director.
- Kristin Amerling as deputy staff director and chief counsel. Served as deputy general counsel at the Transportation Department and chief counsel of multiple congressional committees, including Committees on Energy and Commerce and Oversight and Government Reform. She also served as Chief Investigative Counsel and Director of Oversight for the Senate's Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee.
- Hope Goins as counsel to Chairman Thompson. Served as top advisor to Thompson on homeland security and national security matters.
- Candyce Phoenix as senior counsel and senior advisor. Serves as staff director of the House Oversight Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties.
- Tim Mulvey as communications director. Served as communications director for the House Committee on Foreign Affairs.
In August 2021, Thompson announced additional staff:[63][64]
- Denver Riggleman, senior technical adviser for the January 6 Committee. He previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative from Virginia and was an ex-military intelligence officer.
- Riggleman left the committee in April 2022.[65]
- Joe Maher as principal deputy general counsel from the Department of Homeland Security.
- Timothy J. Heaphy was appointed as the committee's chief investigative counsel.[66][67]
In November 2022, Thompson disclosed the existence of a subcommittee to handle "outstanding issues" including unanswered subpoenas and whether to send transcripts of interviews to the DOJ. The subcommittee had been established about one month earlier with Raskin as chair, along with Cheney, Lofgren, and Schiff. Thompson said he selected them because "they're all lawyers".[68][69]
Investigation
The investigation commenced with a public hearing on July 27, 2021, at which four police officers testified. As of the end of 2021, it had interviewed more than 300 witnesses and obtained more than 35,000 documents,[70] and those totals continued to rise. By May 2022, it had interviewed over 1,000 witnesses;[71] some of those interviews were recorded.[72] By October 2022, it had obtained over 1,000,000 documents[3] and reviewed hundreds of hours of videos (such as security camera and documentary footage).[73] During the pendency of the investigation, the select committee publicly communicated some of its information.
The select committee split its multi-pronged investigation into multiple color-coded teams,[74][75][76] each focusing on a specific topic like funding, individuals' motivations, organizational coalitions, and how Trump may have pressured other politicians.[77] These were:
- Green Team investigated the money trail and whether or not Trump and Republican allies defrauded their supporters by spreading misinformation regarding the 2020 presidential election, despite knowing the claims were not true.
- Gold Team investigated whether members of Congress participated or assisted in Trump's attempted to overturn the election. They are also looking into Trump's pressure campaign on local and state officials as well as on executive departments, like the Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Defense, and others to try to keep himself in power.
- Purple Team investigated the involvement of domestic violent extremist groups — such as the QAnon movement, militia groups, Oath Keepers, and Proud Boys — and how they used social media including Facebook, Gab, and Discord.[78]
- Red Team investigated the planners of the January 6th rally and other "Stop the Steal" organizers and if they knew the rally would intentionally become violent.
- Blue Team researched the threats leading up to the attack, how intelligence was shared among law enforcement, and their preparations or lack thereof.[79] Additionally, Blue Team had access to thousands of documents from more than a dozen agencies that other security reviews did not have.[80]
The select committee's investigation and its findings were multi-faceted.
A reform of election certification procedures (as governed by the Electoral Count Act of 1887) was passed in the December 2022 omnibus spending bill.[81][82] Committee members had begun collaborating on this reform in 2021.[83]
The select committee's findings may also be used in arguments to hold individuals, notably Donald Trump,[71] legally accountable.
Simultaneous investigations by the Justice Department
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is probing the months-long efforts to falsely declare that the election was rigged, including pressure on the DOJ, the fake-electors scheme, and the events of January 6 itself.[84]
The judicial branch has also made related observations and rulings. In March 2022, federal judge David Carter said it was "more likely than not" that Trump has engaged in a conspiracy with John Eastman to commit federal crimes, and described their attempt as "a coup in search of a legal theory".[85]
On November 18, 2022, U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland announced the appointment of John L. "Jack" Smith as the Special Counsel to oversee the DOJ's ongoing investigations into the FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents as well the January 6 investigation.[86] Garland praised Smith's experience and said: "I am confident that this appointment will not slow the completion of these investigations." Smith promised to investigate "independently and in the best traditions of the Department of Justice ... to whatever outcome the facts and the law dictate.”[87]
While the committee's investigation was ongoing, it shared some information with the DOJ,[88] but it waited until it had finished its work in December 2022 before turning over everything.[89] The DOJ had sent a letter on April 20, 2022, asking for transcripts of past and future interviews. Thompson, the committee chair, told reporters he did not intend to give the DOJ "full access to our product" especially when "we haven't completed our own work". Instead, the select committee negotiated for a partial information exchange.[16] On June 15, the DOJ repeated its request. They gave an example of a problem they had encountered: The trial of the five Proud Boys indicted for seditious conspiracy had been rescheduled for the end of 2022 because the prosecutors and the defendants' counsel did not want to start the trial without the relevant interview transcripts.[90] On July 12, 2022, the committee announced it was negotiating with the DOJ about the procedure for information-sharing and that the committee had "started producing information" related to the DOJ's request for transcripts.[91]
On December 19, 2022, the House select committee publicly voted to recommend that the DOJ bring criminal charges against Trump[92] (a long-anticipated move)[93] as well as against John Eastman.[92] Some critics had argued against making criminal referrals, as such a recommendation by a congressional committee has no legal force[94] and could appear to politically taint the DOJ's investigation.[95] However, a committee spokesperson had said on December 6 that criminal referrals would be "a final part" of the committee's investigative work.[96] Schiff acknowledged on December 11 that any referral would be "symbolic" but was nevertheless "important"[97] — he had said in September that he hoped the committee would unanimously refer Trump to the DOJ[98] — while Representative Raskin said on December 13, "Everybody has made his or her own bed in terms of their conduct or misconduct."[99]
Information received from Mark Meadows
In September 2021, the select committee subpoenaed former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows. Meadows initially cooperated, but in December, without providing all requested documents, he sued to block the two congressional subpoenas.[100] On December 14, 2021, the full House voted to hold Meadows in contempt of Congress.[101] In a July 15, 2022 amicus brief[102] filed at the request of U.S. District Court Judge Carl J. Nichols,[103] the DOJ acknowledged that the House subpoena had been justified and that Meadows had only "qualified" immunity given that Trump was no longer in office.[104][105] On October 31, 2022, the judge ruled that the congressional subpoenas were "protected legislative acts" that were "legitimately tied to Congress's legislative functions".[106]
Although the congressional subpoenas were valid, DOJ decided not to criminally charge him for defying them.[107] In 2022, Meadows did comply with a DOJ subpoena in the DOJ investigation of January 6.[108] In 2023, he was indicted in Georgia for his alleged role in election interference in that state.[109]
Meadows had routinely burned documents in his office fireplace after meetings during the transition period; Cassidy Hutchinson testified to the committee that she had seen him do this a dozen times between December 2020 and mid-January 2021.[110]
In late 2021, before Meadows stopped cooperating, he provided thousands of emails and text messages[111][100] that revealed efforts to overturn the election results:
- The day after the election, former Texas governor and former Secretary of Energy Rick Perry sent Meadows a proposed strategy for Republican-controlled state legislatures to choose electors and send them directly to the Supreme Court before their states had determined voting results.[112][113]
- Fox News host Sean Hannity exchanged text messages with Meadows suggesting that Hannity was aware in advance of Trump's plans for January 6. Hannity texted on December 31, 2020, that he was afraid that many U.S. attorneys would resign, adding: “I do NOT see Jan. 6 happening the way is being told." He texted in the evening of January 5: "I am very worried about the next 48 hours." The committee wrote to Hannity asking him to voluntarily answer questions.[114][115][116]
- During the attack, Donald Trump Jr. told Meadows that his father must "lead now" by making an Oval Office address because "t has gone too far. And gotten out of hand."[117][118]
- Two Fox News allies of Trump texted that the Capitol attack was destroying the president's legacy.[117][118]
- Representative Jim Jordan asked Meadows if Vice President Mike Pence could identify "all the electoral votes that he believes are unconstitutional".[119]
- The day after the riot, one text stated that "We tried everything we could in our objections to the 6 states. I'm sorry nothing worked."[120][119]
Meadows also participated in a call with a Freedom Caucus group including Rudy Giuliani, Representative Jim Jordan, and Representative Scott Perry during which they planned to encourage Trump supporters to march to the Capitol on January 6.[121]
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=January_6th_Committee
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