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Juju or ju-ju (French: joujou, lit. 'plaything')^[1][2] is a spiritual belief system incorporating objects, such as amulets, and spells used in religious practice in West Africa^[3] by the people of Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cameroon.^[4] The term has been applied to traditional African religions,^[5] incorporating objects such as amulets, and spells used in spiritual practices, and blood sacrifices.^[6] This is under the belief that two vessels (most commonly a monkey's head is used) that have been in close physical contact with each other have similar spiritual properties and in turn, makes the objects possible to manipulate.

In a general sense, the term "juju" can be used to refer to magical properties dealing with good luck.^[7]

The name is also associated with the music genre, Jùjú as well as a slang term for the energy of something or someone.

History

This is recorded by Sir James George Frazer in Folk-Lore (Vol. XXVI), under the title, "A Priest-King in Nigeria", a communication received from Mr. P. A. Talbot, District Commissioner in S. Nigeria. The writer states that the dominant Ju-Ju of Elele, a town in the northwest of the Degema district, is a Priest-King, elected for a term of seven years. "The whole prosperity of the town, especially the fruitfulness of farm, byre, and marriage-bed, was linked with his life. Should he fall sick, therefore, it entailed famine and grave disaster upon the inhabitants ..."^[8][9]

Le Comte C. N. de Cardi documented its practice, amongst the Igbos, Ibibios, and Yoruba peoples of the Niger Delta, in an 1899 article,^[10] and Alan Maxwell Boisragon in a book of 1897.^[11]

Practices

Juju is a folk magic in West Africa; within juju, a variety of concepts exist. Juju charms and spells can be used to inflict either bad or good juju. According to some authors, "It is neither good nor bad, but it may be used for constructive purposes as well as for nefarious deeds."^[12] Juju charms can at times employ Arabic texts written by Islamic religious leaders.^[13] A "juju man" is any man vetted by local traditions and well versed in traditional spiritual medicines.^[14]

Juju is sometimes used to enforce a contract or ensure compliance. In a typical scenario, the witch doctor casting the spell requires payment for this service.^[15]

The word Juju is used in the African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions.^[16]

19th century venturers, and merchants of the Niger Delta and Benin documented and published accounts of:^[6][11]

• Animal sacrifice
• Cannibalism
• Curses
• Female genital mutilation
• Human Sacrifice, including:
  • Albino sacrifice
  • Judicial Sacrifice
  • Slave Sacrifice
  • Twin Sacrifice
  • Widow Sacrifice

Practices that persist to the present.^[17][18]

When used negatively, Juju can be used to enact revenge, sooth jealousy, cause misfortune in general and can be spread easily. It can be done as simply as sending a vessel of any kind infused with negative energy towards the intended person. Because of some of these practices and the crimes that have been committed (human trafficking being the most extreme and prominent example) while utilizing the practice, it often overshadows the fact that Juju is neither a good nor bad concept itself even though it is most commonly used for treating both physical and spiritual ailments.

For example, when used with positive intentions, it can be used for healing insect and animal bites as well as counteracting and neutralizing curses.

References