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Ghettos were established by Nazi Germany in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland.[1][2][3] Most ghettos were established between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder", with dead bodies littering the streets.[4]
In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion.[5][6]
The Holocaust
The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps—industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities—built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder.[7] The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the "resettlement program". Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Łódź Ghetto, the last in Poland to be liquidated in August 1944.[7][8][9] In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the Będzin and the Łachwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps.[4] By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing.[10] Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000.[11][12]
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In total, according to archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone."[13] The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity.[14] Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and any Jews found outside them could be shot on sight. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 7.2 persons per room.[15] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.[16] In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, meaning "Jewish Quarter". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries.[14] The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the "Final Solution" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place.[17]
List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland
The settlements listed in the Polish language,[3] including major cities, had all been renamed after the 1939 joint invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Renaming everything in their own image had been one way in which the invaders sought to redraw Europe's political map. All Polish territories were assigned as either Nazi zones of occupation (i.e. Bezirk Bialystok, Provinz Ostpreußen, etc.), or annexed by the Soviet Union, soon to be overrun again in Operation Barbarossa.[3] The Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia witnessed the "Polish Operation" of the NKVD, resulting in the virtual absence of ethnic Poles in the USSR along the pre-war border with Poland since the Great Purge.[18][19]
| Ghetto location in prewar and postwar Poland[20] |
Population | Date of creation |
Date of liquidation |
Final destination |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (in alphabetical order) | (year, month) | (year, month) | ||
| 1939–1940 The first ghetto (Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto) was set up on 8 October 1939, 38 days after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939.[21] Within months, the most populous Jewish ghettos in World War II, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Łódź Ghetto, had been established. | ||||
| Aleksandrów Lódzki | 3,500 | 1939 | Dec 1939 | to Głowno ghetto |
| Bełżyce | 4,500 | Jun 1940 | May 1943 | to Budzyń ghetto → Sobibor and Majdanek |
| Będzin Ghetto | 7,000[3]–28,000[22] | Jul 1940 | Aug 1943 | to Auschwitz (7,000).[23] |
| Błonie | 2,100 | Dec 1940 | Feb 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,100) |
| Bodzentyn | 700 | 1940 | Sep 1942 | to Suchedniów ghetto → Treblinka.[24] |
| Brześć Kujawski | 630 | 1940 | Apr 1942 | to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp |
| Brzesko | 4,000-6,000 | fall 1941 | Sept 1942 | to Auschwitz and Belzec |
| Brzeziny | 6,000–6,800 | Feb 1940 | May 1942 | to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno |
| Brzozów | 1,000 | 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Bełżec extermination camp |
| Bychawa | 2,700 | 1940 | Apr 1941 | to Belzyce |
| Chęciny | 4,000 | 1940 – Jun 1941 | Sep 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Ciechanów | 5,000[25] | 1940 | Nov 1942 | to labour camps (1,500), Mława Ghetto → Auschwitz,[26] many killed locally.[25] |
| Dąbrowa Górnicza | 4,000–10,000 | 1940 | Jun 1943 | to Auschwitz |
| Dęblin–Irena Ghetto | 3,300–5,800 | Apr 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Sobibor and Treblinka |
| Działoszyce | 15,000? | Apr 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Płaszów and Bełżec extermination camp |
| Gąbin | 2,000–2,300 | 1940 | Apr 1942 | to Chełmno extermination camp |
| Głowno | 5,600 | May 1940 | Mar 1941 | to Łowicz ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto (5,600) |
| Gorlice (labor camp 1st) | ? | 1940 | 1942 | to Buchenwald, Muszyna, Mielec, see Gorlice Ghetto (1941) |
| Góra Kalwaria | 3,300 | Jan 1940 | Feb 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (3,000), 300 killed locally |
| Grodzisk Mazowiecki | 6,000 | 1940 – Jan 1941 | Oct 1942 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) |
| Grójec | 5,200–6,000 | Jul 1940 | Sep 1942 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) → Treblinka |
| Izbica Kujawska | 1,000 | 1940 | Jan 1942 | to Chełmno extermination camp |
| Jeżów | 1,600 | 1940 | Feb 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,600) |
| Jędrzejów | 6,000 | Mar 1940 | Sep 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Kazimierz Dolny | 2,000–3,500 | 1940 – Apr 1941 | Mar 1942 | to Sobibor, and Treblinka |
| Kobyłka | 1,500 | Sep 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Koło | 2,000–5,000 | Dec 1940 | Dec 1941 | to Treblinka (2,000) and Chełmno |
| Koniecpol | 1,100–1,600 | 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Konin | 1,500? | Dec 1939 | 1940 – Mar 1941 | to Zagórów & other ghettos → killed locally |
| Kozienice | 13,000 | Jan 1940 | Sep 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Koźminek | 2,500 | 1940 | Jul 1942 | to Chełmno |
| Krasnystaw | 2,000 | Aug 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Bełżec extermination camp |
| Krośniewice | 1,500 | May 1940 | Mar 1942 | to Chełmno extermination camp |
| Kutno | 7,000 | Jun 1940 | Mar 1942 | to Chełmno |
| Legionowo | 3,000 | 1940 | 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Łańcut | 2,700 | Dec 1939 | Aug 1942 | to Bełżec extermination camp |
| Łask | 4,000 | Dec 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Chełmno extermination camp |
| Łowicz | 8,000–8,200 | 1940 | Mar 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all; with labor camp)[27] |
| Łódź Ghetto | 200,000 | 8 Feb 1940 | Aug 1944 | to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camp, labour camps (1,000) |
| Marki | ? | 1940 – Mar 1941 | 1942 | to Warsaw Ghetto |
| Mielec | 4,000–4,500 | 1940 | Mar 1942 | to Bełżec extermination camp |
| Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto | 5,000–7,000 | Oct 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Treblinka, 1,300 killed locally |
| Mława | 6,000–6,500 | Dec 1940 | Nov 1942 | to Treblinka and Auschwitz |
| Mogielnica | 1,500 | 1940 | 28 Feb 1942 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all) → Treblinka.[28] |
| Mordy | 4,500 | Nov 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Myślenice | 1,200 | 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Skawina Ghetto (all) → Bełżec |
| Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki | 2,000–4,000 | 1940 – Jan 1941 | Dec 1942 | to Pomiechówek ghetto → Auschwitz |
| Nowy Korczyn | 4,000 | 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Opoczno | 3,000–4,000 | Nov 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Otwock | 12,000–15,000 | Dec 1939 | Aug 1942 | to Treblinka, and Auschwitz |
| Pabianice | 8,500–9,000 | Feb 1940 | May 1942 | to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp |
| Piaseczno | 2,500 | 1940 | Jan 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,500) |
| Piaski (transit) | 10,000 | 1940 | Nov 1943 | to Bełżec extermination camp, Sobibor, Trawniki concentration camp |
| Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto | 25,000[29] | 8 Oct 1939[21] | 14 / 21 Oct 1942 | to Majdanek and Treblinka (22,000),[29] killed locally also |
| Płock | 7,000–10,000 | 1939–1940 | Feb 1941 | to Działdowo ghetto |
| Płońsk | 12,000 | Sep 1940 | Nov 1942 | to Treblinka, Auschwitz |
| Poddębice | 1,500 | Nov 1940 | Apr 1942 | to Treblinka(?) |
| Pruszków | 1,400 | 1940 | 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,400) |
| Przedbórz | 4,000–5,000 | Mar 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Bełżec extermination camp and Treblinka |
| Puławy | 5,000 | Nov – Dec 1939 | 1940 | to Opole Lubelskie → Sobibor |
| Radomsko | 18,000–20,000 | 1939 – Jan 1940 | 21 Jul 1943 | to Treblinka extermination camp (18,000) |
| Radzymin | 2,500 | Sep 1940 | Oct 1942 | to Treblinka |
| Serock | 2,000 | Feb 1940 | Dec 1940 | to other ghettos |
| Sieradz | 2,500–5,000 | Mar 1940 | Aug 1942 | to Chełmno extermination camp |
| Sierpc | 500–3,000 | 1940 | Feb 1942 | to Warsaw Ghetto → Treblinka |
| Skaryszew | 1,800 | 1940 | Apr 1942 | to Szydlowiec |
| Skierniewice | 4,300–7,000 | Dec 1940 | Apr 1941 | to Warsaw Ghetto (all 7,000) |
| Sochaczew | 3,000–4,000 | Jan 1940 | Feb 1941 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland|