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List of Linux distributions
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This page provides general information about notable Linux distributions in the form of a categorized list. Distributions are organized into sections by the major distribution or package management system they are based on.
Debian-based
Debian (a portmanteau of the names "Deb" and "Ian") Linux is a distribution that emphasizes free software. It supports many hardware platforms. Debian and distributions based on it use the .deb package format[2] and the dpkg package manager and its frontends (such as apt or synaptic).[3]
Ubuntu-based
Ubuntu (named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu) is a distribution based on Debian, designed to have regular releases, a consistent user experience and commercial support on both desktops and servers.
Current official derivatives
These Ubuntu variants, also known as Ubuntu flavours, simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them.[4][5]
| Distribution | Description |
|---|---|
| Edubuntu | A complete Linux based operating system that was targeted for primary and secondary education. Outdated versions are freely available with community-based support. The Edubuntu community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Edubuntu Manifesto: that software, especially for education, should be available free of charge and that software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any disabilities.[6] |
| Kubuntu | An official derivative of Ubuntu Linux using KDE instead of the GNOME (or Unity) desktop environment used by default in Ubuntu.[7] |
| Lubuntu | An official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the LXQt desktop environment (used LXDE before 18.10).[8][9][10] |
| Ubuntu Budgie | An official derivative of Ubuntu using Budgie. |
| Ubuntu Cinnamon | An official derivative of Ubuntu using the Cinnamon desktop environment.[11] |
| Ubuntu Kylin | An official derivative aimed at the Chinese market. |
| Ubuntu MATE | An official derivative of Ubuntu using MATE, a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the desktop metaphor.[12] |
| Ubuntu Server | An official derivative made for use in servers & IBM mainframes. Ubuntu Server handles mail, controls printers, acts as a fileserver, can host LAMP and more.[13] |
| Ubuntu Studio | Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.[14] |
| Ubuntu Unity | An official derivative of Ubuntu using the Unity desktop environment.[15][16] |
| Xubuntu | An official derivative of Ubuntu using Xfce. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly GTK applications.[17] |
Discontinued official derivatives
| Distribution | Description |
|---|---|
| Gobuntu | Gobuntu was an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system, aiming to provide a distribution consisting entirely of free software. It was officially announced by Mark Shuttleworth on July 10, 2007, and daily builds of Gobuntu 7.10 began to be publicly released. The project ended around the release of 8.04 and has since merged into mainline Ubuntu as a 'free software' option.[18] |
| Mythbuntu | Based on Ubuntu and MythTV, providing applications for recording TV and acting as a media center.[19] On 4 November 2016 the development team announced the end of Mythbuntu as a separate distribution, citing insufficient developers. |
| Ubuntu GNOME | Formerly an official Ubuntu variant,[20] but since the main Ubuntu 17.10, which uses GNOME Shell as its default desktop and GDM as its display manager, this distro has been merged into mainline releases.[21] |
| Ubuntu JeOS | "Just Enough OS" – was described as "an efficient variant configured specifically for virtual appliances".[22] Since the release of Ubuntu 8.10 it has been included as an option as part of the standard Ubuntu Server Edition. |
| Ubuntu Mobile | An embedded operating system designed for use on mobile devices. The operating system will use Hildon from maemo as its graphical frontend. Ubuntu Touch is a successor to Ubuntu Mobile. |
| Ubuntu Netbook Edition | Netbook Edition was an official derivative of Ubuntu designed for netbooks using the Intel Atom processor. Starting from Ubuntu 11.04, Ubuntu Netbook Edition has been merged into the desktop edition.[23] |
| Ubuntu TV | Designed for use with TVs.[24] |
Unofficial derivatives
Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical Ltd. and generally have different goals in mind.
| Distribution | Description |
|---|---|
| BackBox | BackBox is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It has been developed to perform penetration tests and security assessments. Designed to be fast, easy to use and provide a minimal yet complete desktop environment, thanks to its own software repositories, always being updated to the latest stable version of the most used and best known ethical hacking tools.[25] |
| Bodhi Linux | An Ubuntu-based Linux distribution featuring the Moksha Desktop environment and targeting users who want a minimum of preinstalled software or low system requirements.[26] |
| Cub Linux | Ubuntu-based distribution designed to mimic the desktop appearance and functionality of ChromeOS.[27][28][29] |
| dyne:bolic | Live CD geared toward multimedia (audio and video) production, but comes with other non-media specific application (e.g. word processor, desktop publisher)[30] |
| EasyPeasy | Fork of Ubuntu designed for netbooks[31] |
| Eeebuntu | Specifically for the Eee PC range of netbooks, based on Debian. Also rebranded as Aurora OS.[32] |
| Element OS | Based on Xubuntu, made for Home theater PCs[33] |
| Elive | A light-weight Linux distribution featuring the Enlightenment desktop, designed to be simple and suitable for new Linux users who want a fully functional environment. |
| elementary OS | A distribution focusing mainly on non-technical users, has a pay what you want model.[34] |
| Emmabuntüs | Based on Xubuntu designed to facilitate the repacking of computers donated to Emmaüs Communities.[35] |
| GalliumOS | A Linux distribution for ChromeOS devices by the community-supported GalliumOS project. Gallium is based on Xubuntu and maintains compatibility with the Ubuntu repositories.[36] |
| GendBuntu | A version adapted for use by France's National Gendarmerie. |
| Goobuntu | An Ubuntu-based distribution that was used internally by Google (until changing to non-Ubuntu, Debian-based GLinux); not available outside of Google |
| gOS | Used the GNOME desktop environment with user interface enhancements to make it work more like Mac OS X, it also featured Google Apps, Picasa, Google Gadgets and other web-based applications, and came with Wine 1.0 pre-installed. Now discontinued. |
| Joli OS | Joli OS (formerly named Jolicloud) is in development and Pre-beta testing. Joli OS is built upon Debian and Ubuntu 9.10, but is tweaked to be more suitable for computers that have weaker specifications in terms of disk storage, memory and screen size. It is designed to run on relatively low-powered netbook computers.[37] |
| Karoshi | A formerly PCLinuxOS-based distribution designed for use in schools.[38] |
| KDE neon | Focused on the development of KDE. The emphasis is on bleeding edge software packages sourced directly from KDE and offers programmers early access to new features, but potentially at the cost of greater susceptibility to software bugs.[39] |
| LiMux | A project by the city council of Munich, Germany |
| Linux Caixa Mágica | Portuguese Linux distribution.[40] |
| Linux Lite | The purpose of Linux Lite is to introduce Windows users to Linux, and provide them with a comfortable and useful user experience. It is designed to be simple and suitable for new Linux users who want a lightweight, highly responsive, and fully functional environment.[41] |
| Linux Mint | Linux Mint synchronizes its release-cycle with Ubuntu's long-term support, and is tailored to user-friendliness for desktop users.[42] Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) is Mint's Debian stable based version. Its purpose is to use Debian base packages/kernel under the hood should Ubuntu ever disappear. It's also used by Mint developers to develop their Cinnamon desktop. |
| LinuxMCE | Linux Media Center Edition, a Kubuntu-based distribution that provides in-depth HTPC functionality as well as home automation.[43] |
| LinuxTLE | A Thai Linux distribution. Not maintained.[44] |
| LliureX | A distribution by the Generalitat Valenciana[45] |
| LXLE Linux | A light-weight Linux distribution based on Lubuntu, using the LXDE desktop environment.[46] |
| MAX | Stands for MAdrid LinuX. Used in education.[47] |
| Maya OS | A distribution developed by Indian Ministry of Defence.[48] |
| Molinux | Ubuntu based initiative to introduce the Castile-La Mancha community in Spain to the information society.[49] |
| Netrunner | Kubuntu based distribution with complete software and codecs installed, developed by Blue Systems (also sponsoring Kubuntu and LinuxMintKDE).[50] |
| Nova | Cuban state-sponsored distribution developed at the University of Information Science, Havana. Formerly based on Gentoo. |
| OpenGEU | Ubuntu based distribution with Enlightenment window manager, previously known as Geubuntu.[51] |
| Peppermint OS | A light-weight LXDE distribution for cloud applications through its own Ice Framework using the Chromium Web Browser. Based on Lubuntu[52] |
| Pinguy OS | An Ubuntu-based distro for people that have never used Linux before or for people that want an out-of-the-box working OS without having to tweak a fresh installation of Ubuntu or other Ubuntu-based distro.[53] |
| Pop! OS | An Ubuntu-based distro developed by System76 predominantly for use on hardware that they manufacture. |
| Poseidon Linux | For academic and scientific use. Based on Ubuntu, but enhanced by GIS/maps, numerical modelling, 2D/3D/4D visualization, statistics, tools for creating simple and complex graphics, programming languages. |
| Sabily | Ubuntu based distribution for Muslims (formerly Ubuntu Muslim Edition)[54] Unmaintained |
| SuperGamer | A Live DVD distribution focused on gaming formerly based on VectorLinux. |
| Trisquel GNU/Linux | Fully free-software system without proprietary software or firmware and uses the Linux-libre kernel deblob script, based on Ubuntu LTS Releases[55] |
| UberStudent | For higher education and advanced secondary students, those who teach them, and lifelong learners[56] |
| Ututo | Ututo UL ("Ubuntu-Libre") Distributes Simusol, a system to simulate Solar Energy projects, returned to the heart of the project. Discontinued.[57] |
| Vinux | A Linux distribution designed for visually impaired users[58] |
| Zorin OS | Zorin OS is a user-friendly distribution that can emulate Microsoft Windows or macOS. It is meant for users unfamiliar with Linux.[59] |
Knoppix-based
Knoppix (a portmanteau of the surname Knopper from Klaus Knopper and Unix) itself is based on Debian. It is a live distribution, with automated hardware configuration and a wide choice of software, which is decompressed as it loads from the drive.[60]
| Distribution | Description |
|---|---|
| Damn Small Linux | A small Linux distro designed to run on older hardware. It is commonly used on virtual machines due to low memory requirements.[61] |
| Feather Linux | Boots from either a CD or a USB flash drive. Uses Knoppix-based hardware detection and the Fluxbox window manager.[62] |
Other Debian-based
| Distribution | Description |
|---|---|
| antiX | It is comparatively lightweight and suitable for older computers, while also providing kernel and applications, as well as updates and additions via the Aptitude and Debian-compatible repositories. |
| Astra Linux | A Russian Linux-based computer operating system developed to meet the needs of the Russian army, other armed forces and intelligence agencies.[63] It provides data protection up to the level of "top secret" in Russian classified information grade. It has been officially certified by Russian Defense Ministry, Federal Service for Technical and Export Control[64] and Federal Security Service.[65] |
| Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS) | An Indian Linux distribution[66] |
| Canaima | A Venezuelan Linux distribution.[67] |
| Corel Linux | Short-lived commercial desktop Linux distribution, bought by Xandros Linux.[68] |
| CrunchBang Linux | A small Linux Distro and Live CD based on Debian Stable, featuring the Openbox window manager and tint2 panel with GTK+ applications.[69] Development has ended for CrunchBang as of February, 2015.[70] |
| Deepin | A Debian-based Chinese Linux Distribution developed by Wuhan Deepin Technology Co. |
| Devuan | A fork of Debian begun in 2014 with the primary goal of allowing user choice in init systems, by decoupling software packages from systemd.[71] |
| DoudouLinux | A discontinued distribution intended for children. |
| Dreamlinux | A discontinued Brazilian Linux distribution. |
| Emdebian Grip | A small-footprint Linux distribution based on and compatible with Debian, intended for use on resource-limited embedded systems.[72] |
| Finnix | A small system-administration Live CD that is available for multiple architectures[73] |
| gLinux | gLinux is a Linux Distro used for Google Employees. |
| gNewSense | Originally based on Ubuntu and later upon Debian, and developed with sponsorship from the Free Software Foundation. Its goal is user-friendliness, but with all proprietary (e.g. binary blobs) and non-free software removed. |
| grml | Live CD for system recovery[74] |
| HandyLinux | Designed for senior citizens running old computers for which Windows has become too slow[75] |
| Kali Linux | Made to be a completely customizable OS, used for penetration testing. It is based on Debian and is used mostly by security experts.[76] Originally named BackTrack (named after the homonym class of backtracking algorithms), it is developed by Offensive Security.[77] In March 2013, the Offensive Security team rebuilt BackTrack on Debian and released it under the name Kali Linux.[78] |
| Kali NetHunter | Mobile version based on Kali Linux. |
| Kanotix | An installable live DVD/CD for desktop usage using KDE and LXDE, focusing on convenient scripts and GUI for ease of use.[79] |
| LEAF Project | The Linux Embedded Appliance Framework. A tiny primarily floppy-based distribution for routers, firewalls and other appliances.[80] |
| Libranet | A discontinued operating system based on Debian. |
| LiMux | An ISO 9241 industry workplace certified Linux distribution, deployed at the City of Munich, Germany.[81] |
| LMDE | A Debian-based version of Linux Mint that does not use any elements of Ubuntu linux, maintained to ensure continuity should Ubuntu stop being maintained or other issue effecting the core Mint distribution.[82] |
| Maemo | A development platform for hand held devices such as the Nokia N800, N810, and Nokia N900 Internet Tablets and other Linux kernel–based devices.[83] |
| MEPIS | A discontinued OS that focused on ease of use. Significant derivatives include antiX and MX Linux. |
| MintPPC | For PowerPC computers. Although MintPPC uses some Linux Mint Debian Edition code, it is not Linux Mint.[84] |
| Musix GNU+Linux | Intended for music production, graphic design, audio, video editing, and other tasks. It is built with only free software.[85] |
| MX Linux | A midweight OS based on Debian Stable with core components from antiX and using Xfce, offering simple configuration, high stability, solid performance and medium-sized footprint.[86] |
| NepaLinux | A Debian- and Morphix-based distribution focused for desktop usage in Nepali language computing.[87] |
| OpenZaurus | Debian packages and ROM image for the Sharp Zaurus PDA. Replaced by Ångström distribution.[88] |
| Pardus | Developed by Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology. Prior to 2013 it used PISI as the package manager, with COMAR as the configuration framework. Starting with Pardus 2013, it is Debian-based. |
| Parrot OS | A Linux distribution based on Debian used by penetration testers. |
| Parsix[89] | Optimized for personal computers and laptops. Built on top of Debian testing branch and comes with security support.[90] |
| PelicanHPC | Dedicated to setting up a computer cluster.[91] |
| PureOS | A Linux distribution based on Debian with a focus on privacy, security, and convenience.[92][93][94][95] |
| Q4OS | A light-weight Linux distribution with Trinity and Plasma desktop environments.[96] |
| Raspberry Pi OS | Desktop-oriented distribution, formerly known as Raspbian. Developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation as the official OS for their family of low-power Raspberry Pi single-board computers. |
| SolydXK | Xfce and KDE desktop focused on stability, security and ease of use.[97] |
| SparkyLinux | A Debian-based Linux distribution which provides ready to use, out of the box operating system with a set of slightly customized lightweight desktops. Sparky is targeted to all the computer's users who want replace existing, proprietary driven OS to an open-sourced.. |
| Sunwah Linux | A Chinese Linux distribution[98] |
| The Amnesic Incognito Live System (TAILS)
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