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Constitution |
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The prime minister of the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: primeiro-ministro da República Portuguesa) is the head of the Government of Portugal. The officeholder coordinates the actions of all ministers, represents the Government as a whole, reports their actions and is accountable to the Assembly of the Republic, in addition to keeping the president of the Republic informed.
There is no limit to the number of mandates as prime minister. They are appointed by the president of the Republic, after the legislative elections and after an audience with every leader of a party represented at the Assembly. It is usual for the leader of the party which receives a plurality of votes in the elections to be named prime minister.
The official residence of the prime minister is a mansion next to São Bento Palace, which, in confusion, is also often called "São Bento Palace", although many prime ministers did not live in the palace during their full mandate.
History
The origins of present office of prime minister of Portugal fall back to the beginning of the Portuguese monarchy in the 12th century. Typically, a senior official of the king of Portugal prevailed over the others, ensuring the coordination of the administration of the kingdom as a kind of prime minister. Throughout history, the prominent position fell successively on the Mayor of the Palace (Portuguese Mordomo-Mor), on the Chancellor (Chancellor-Mor), on the King's Private Secretary (Escrivão da Puridade) and on the Secretary of State (Secretário de Estado).
In 1736, three offices of secretary of state were created, with the Secretary of State of the Internal Affairs of the Kingdom (Secretário de Estado dos Negócios Interiores do Reino) occupying a prominent position over the others.
Since the 1820 Liberal Revolution of Porto, liberalism and parliamentarism were installed in the country. In the first liberal period, there were three to six secretaries of state with equal position in the hierarchy, but with the Secretary the Internal Affairs of the Kingdom (usually known by Minister of the Kingdom) continuing to occupy a prominent position. Occasionally there was a Minister Assistant to the Dispatch (Ministro Assistante ao Despacho), a coordinator of all secretaries of state, and with a post similar to that of a prime minister. After a brief absolutistic restoration, the second liberalism started. With the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy, the office of President of the Council of Ministers (President do Conselho de Ministros) was created. The presidents of the council were clearly the heads of government of the kingdom, holding the executive power that absolute monarchs had, but were restricted by the controlling power of the National Congress.
With the advent of the Republic in the 5 October 1910 revolution, the head of government was renamed President of the Ministry (Presidente do Ministério). During this period the heads of government were under the strong power of the parliament and often fell due to parliamentary turmoils and social instability.
With the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and eventually, after the formation of the Estado Novo quasi-fascist dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, the prime minister was again named President of the Council of Ministers, and was nominally the most important figure in the country. First Salazar and then Marcello Caetano occupied this post for almost 42 years.
With the Carnation Revolution came the prime minister, which replaced the president of the council.
Prime ministers
The official numbering of the prime ministers starts with the first president of the Council of Ministers of the constitutional monarchy. A second column is added after the establishment of the Republic, numbering the prime ministers from there to the present day. Another column is added for the numbering inside the three regimes: First Republic, the Second Republic and Third Republic, with a fourth column in the Second Republic to mark the numbering of prime ministers since the 1926 revolution that established the National Dictatorship and since the replacement of the National Dictatorship with the Salazarist Estado Novo. In the Third Republic, a fourth column is also used to distinguish the prime ministers of the provisional governments that existed during the period immediately following the Carnation Revolution of 1974 from the prime ministers that assumed office after the entry into force of Portugal's current democratic Constitution adopted 1976.
At the right hand side, a column indicates the official numbering of the Constitutional Governments. The numbering of the Constitutional Governments is not the same as the numbering of prime ministers since the Constitution because, whenever elections for a new parliament take place, a new constitutional government is installed, even if the prime minister remains the same; however, there is also a change of constitutional government when the prime minister is replaced, even if in mid-parliament. So, because some prime ministers managed to remain in office after fresh elections (thus serving as prime ministers under more than one parliament), there are more constitutional governments than there are prime ministers.
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each prime minister.
No party/independent
Chartist/Chamorro
Chamorro
Septemberist
Regenerator
Historic
Reformist
Regenerator/Historic
Progressist
Liberal Regenerator
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Republican Liberal
Reconstitution Party
Nationalist Republican
Democratic Leftwing Republican
National Union/People's National Action
Democratic Renewal Party
Socialist
Social Democratic
Democratic and Social Centre
Constitutional Monarchy – Second Liberalism (1834–1910)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office — Electoral mandates |
Political party | Government | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (1781–1850) |
24 September 1834 |
4 May 1835 |
Chartist/"Chamorro" | 1st Dev. | Maria II (1834–1853) and Fernando II (1837–1853) | |
1834 | |||||||
Portugal's first official prime minister; First Devourism government. | |||||||
2 | Vitório Maria de Sousa Coutinho, Count of Linhares (1790–1857) |
4 May 1835 |
27 May 1835 |
"Chamorro" | |||
— | |||||||
3 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Marquis of Saldanha (1790–1876) |
27 May 1835 |
18 November 1835 |
Independent | 2nd Dev. | ||
— | |||||||
Second Devourism government; Resigned after the auction of estuarine lands of the Tejo and Sado River and for military aid to Spanish Queen Isabella II. | |||||||
4 | José Jorge Loureiro (1791–1860) |
18 November 1835 |
20 April 1836 |
Independent | 3rd Dev. | ||
— | |||||||
Thrid Devourism government; Government fell after failure to pass a budget. | |||||||
5 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (1792–1860) |
20 April 1836 |
10 September 1836 |
"Chamorro" | 4th Dev. | ||
Jul.1836 | |||||||
Fourth and last Devourism government; September 1836 Revolution. | |||||||
6 | José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa, Count of Lumiares (1788–1849) |
10 September 1836 |
4 November 1836 |
Septemberist | 1st Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Belenzada attempted coup by Queen Maria II of Portugal to remove the government; Resigned in the aftermath. | |||||||
— | José Bernardino de Portugal e Castro, Marquis of Valença and Count of Vimioso (1780–1840) (did not take office) |
4 November 1836 |
5 November 1836 |
Independent | — | ||
— | |||||||
Did not take office. | |||||||
7 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Viscount of Sá da Bandeira (1795–1876) |
5 November 1836 |
1 June 1837 |
Septemberist | 2nd Set. | ||
Nov.1836 | |||||||
Local government reform by minister Passos Manuel; Abolition of slavery traffic in Portuguese colonies. | |||||||
8 | António Dias de Oliveira (1804–1863) |
1 June 1837 |
2 August 1837 |
Septemberist | 3rd Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Revolt of the Marshals. | |||||||
9 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Viscount of Sá da Bandeira (2nd time) (1795–1876) |
2 August 1837 |
18 April 1839 |
Septemberist | 4th Set. | ||
1838 | |||||||
Portuguese Constitution of 1838. | |||||||
10 | Rodrigo Pinto Pizarro de Almeida Carvalhais, Baron of Ribeira de Sabrosa (1788–1841) |
18 April 1839 |
26 November 1839 |
Septemberist | 5th Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Last fully Septemberist government. | |||||||
11 | José Lúcio Travassos Valdez, Count of Bonfim (1787–1862) |
26 November 1839 |
9 June 1841 |
Septemberist | 6th Set. | ||
1840 | |||||||
Coalition government; Resume of diplomatic relations with other European powers, including Spain and the Holy See. | |||||||
12 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (1792–1884) |
9 June 1841 |
7 February 1842 |
Septemberist | 7th Set. | ||
— | |||||||
Known as the "Friar-Killer" due to his role in the dissolution of the monasteries in Portugal; Collapse of the Portuguese Constitution of 1838; Resigned after the restoration of the Constitutional Charter of 1826. | |||||||
13 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (2nd time) (1781–1850) |
7 February 1842 |
9 February 1842 |
Independent | G.E. | ||
— | |||||||
3-day "Shrovetide Government"; Beginning of Cabralism. | |||||||
14 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (2nd time) (1792–1860) |
9 February 1842 |
20 May 1846 |
Chartist | 1st R. Cart. | ||
1842, 1845 | |||||||
Known as the "Restoration Government"; Torres Novas revolt; Resigned after the Revolution of Maria da Fonte; Fled to exile in Madrid; End of Cabralism. | |||||||
15 | Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquis of Palmela (3rd time) (1781–1850) |
20 May 1846 |
6 October 1846 |
Chartist | 2nd R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Emboscada palace coup. | |||||||
16 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha (2nd time) (1790–1876) |
6 October 1846 |
18 June 1849 |
Chartist | 3rd R. Cart. | ||
1847 | |||||||
Patuleia or Little Civil War that resulted in a Chartist victory; Convention of Gramido. | |||||||
17 | António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, Count of Tomar (1803–1889) |
18 June 1849 |
26 April 1851 |
Chartist | 4th R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Returned from exile; Resigned due to political and military unrest. | |||||||
18 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (3rd time) (1792–1860) |
26 April 1851 |
1 May 1851 |
Regenerator | 5th R. Cart. | ||
— | |||||||
Military insurrection of 1 May 1851; Beginning of the Regeneration. | |||||||
19 | João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha (3rd time) (1790–1876) |
1 May 1851 |
6 June 1856 |
Regenerator | 1st Reg. | ||
1851, 1852 | Pedro V (1853–1861) | ||||||
Death of queen Maria II; Pedro V ascends the throne. | |||||||
20 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (1804–1875) |
6 June 1856 |
16 March 1859 |
Historic | 2nd Reg. | ||
1856, 1858 | |||||||
Opening of the first railway line in Portugal on 28 October 1856. | |||||||
21 | António José Severim de Noronha, Duke of Terceira and Marquis of Vila Flor (4th time) (1792–1860) |
16 March 1859 |
1 May 1860 (died) |
Regenerator | 3rd Reg. | ||
1860 | |||||||
Died in office of pneumonia. | |||||||
22 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (2nd time) (1792–1884) |
1 May 1860 |
4 July 1860 |
Regenerator | |||
— | |||||||
23 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (2nd time) (1804–1875) |
4 July 1860 |
17 April 1865 |
Historic | 4th Reg. | ||
1861, 1864 | Luis I (1861–1889) | ||||||
Death of king Pedro V; Luís I ascends the throne. | |||||||
24 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Marquis of Sá da Bandeira (3rd time) (1795–1876) |
17 April 1865 |
4 September 1865 |
Reformist | 5th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
25 | Joaquim António de Aguiar (3rd time) (1792–1884) |
4 September 1865 |
4 January 1868 |
Regenerator (with the Historic Party) | 6th Reg. | ||
1865, 1867 | |||||||
Nicknamed the "Ministry of Fusion"; Forced to resign after the Janeirinha uprising. | |||||||
26 | António José de Ávila, Duke of Ávila and Bolama (1807–1881) |
4 January 1868 |
22 July 1868 |
Independent (with Reformists) |
7th Reg. | ||
— | |||||||
Repeal of the tax the ignited the Janeirinha uprising; Resigned due to the bad economic situation of the country. | |||||||
27 | Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Marquis of Sá da Bandeira (4th time) (1795–1876) |
22 July 1868 |
11 August 1869 |
Reformist | 8th Reg. | ||
1868, 1869 | |||||||
Abolition of slavery in all Portuguese territories. | |||||||
28 | Nuno José Severo de Mendonça Rolim de Moura Barreto, Duke of Loulé (3rd time) (1804–1875) |
11 August 1869 |
19 May 1870 |
Historic (with Reformists) |
9th Reg. | ||
Mar.1870 | |||||||
Forced to resign after the "Ajudada" and "Saldanhada" coups, led by the Duke of Saldanha.
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