This article is a list of historical volcanic eruptions of approximately magnitude 6 or more on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Holocene, and Pleistocene eruptions of the Decade Volcanoes (Avachinsky–Koryaksky, Kamchatka; Colima, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; Mount Etna, Sicily; Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Mount Merapi, Central Java; Mount Nyiragongo, East African Rift; Mount Rainier, Washington; Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture; Santamaria/ Santiaguito, Central America Volcanic Arc; Santorini, Cyclades; Taal Volcano, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Teide, Canary Islands; Ulawun, New Britain; Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture; Mount Vesuvius, Naples); Campania, Italy; South Aegean Volcanic Arc; Laguna de Bay, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Mount Pinatubo, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Toba, Sunda Arc; Mount Meager massif, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt; Yellowstone hotspot, Wyoming; and Taupō Volcanic Zone, greater than VEI 4.

The eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the Peter L. Ward's supplemental table.^[1] Some of the eruptions are not listed on the Global Volcanism Program timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program;^[2] Bristlecone pine tree-rings (Pinus longaeva, Pinus aristata, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii);^[3] the 4 ka Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) chronology;^[4] the 7 ka Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronology from Finnish Lapland;^[5][6] GISP2 ice core;^[7][8] GRIP ice core;^[9] Dye 3 ice core;^[9] Bipolar comparison;^[10] Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003);^[11] Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997);^[12] Crête ice core, in central Greenland,^[13] benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediment cores (Lisiecki, Raymo 2005),^[14] do not agree with each other sometimes. The 536–547 AD dust-veil event might be an impact event.^[3][15]

Holocene eruptions

The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP,^[16] (10 000 ¹⁴C years ago)

Since 2000 AD

Name and area	Date	VEI	Products	Notes
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, Tonga	2022	6	6.5 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra	The largest eruption of the 21st century
Ruang, north sulawesi indonesia	2024	5
Chaiten, Southern Chile	2008	5
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Southern Chile	2011	5

1000–2000 AD

Name and area	Date	VEI	Products	Notes
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines	1991, Jun 15	6	6 to 16 km3 (1.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra	[2] an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[17]
Mount St. Helens, Washington state, USA	1980, May 18	5	1 to 1.1 km3 (0.2 to 0.3 cu mi) of tephra
Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula	1912, Jun 6	6	13 to 15 km3 (3.1 to 3.6 cu mi) of lava[18][19][20]
Santa Maria, Guatemala	1902, Oct 24	6	20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) of tephra[21]
Mount Tarawera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	1886, Jun 10	5	2 km3 (0.48 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Krakatoa, Indonesia	1883, August 26–27	6	21 km3 (5.0 cu mi) of tephra[22]
Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia	1815, Apr 10	7	160–213 km3 (38–51 cu mi) of tephra	an estimated 10–120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer"[23]
1808 ice core event	Unknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half Tambora			Emission of sulfur dioxide around the amount of the 1815 Tambora eruption (ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland).[24]
	1808	Major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores (Urzelina eruption, fissure vent), Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kamchatka Peninsula,[25] and Taal Volcano, Philippines.[26]
Note: Thompson Island, northeast of Bouvet Island, South Atlantic Ocean, disappeared in the 19th century, if it ever existed.[27]
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland	1783–1784	6
Laki	1783–1784	6	14 cubic kilometres of lava	an estimated 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.[28]
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), northeast of New Guinea	1660 ±20	6	30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece	1650, Sep 27	6	60 km3 (14.4 cu mi) of tephra[29]
Huaynaputina, Peru	1600, Feb 19	6	30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[30]
Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea	1580 ±20	6	14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Bárðarbunga, Northeastern Iceland	1477	6	10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
1452–53 ice core event, New Hebrides arc, Vanuatu. Location is uncertain, may be Kuwae			36 to 96 km3 (8.6 to 23.0 cu mi) of tephra	175–700 million tons of sulfuric acid;[31][32][33] only small pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae
Mount Tarawera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	1310 ± 12	5	5 km3 (1.2 cu mi) of tephra (Kaharoa eruption)[2]
Quilotoa, Ecuador	1280(?)	6	21 km3 (5.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Lombok Island, Indonesia	1257	7	40 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra	1257 Samalas eruption; Arctic and Antarctic ice cores provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.[34][35][36]

1 to 1000 AD

Tianchi eruption, Paektu Mountain, border of North Korea and China	946 AD	6	40 to 98 km3 (9.6 to 23.5 cu mi) of tephra[37]	Also known as Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan
Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland	934–940 AD	6	Estimated 18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava[38]	Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[39]
Ceboruco, Northwest of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	930 AD ±200	6	11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Dakataua, Northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea	800 AD ±50	6?	10 km3 (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Pago, East of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera	710 AD ±75	6	30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska	700 AD ±200	6	20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Rabaul, Rabaul Caldera, New Britain	540 AD ±100	6	11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]	Volcanic winter of 536?
Ilopango, El Salvador	431 AD ±2, or 539/540 AD	7	106.5 km3 (25.5 cu mi) of tephra[40][2]
Ksudach, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	240 AD ±l00	6	20 to 26 km3 (4.8 to 6.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Hatepe eruption of Taupō Volcano, New Zealand	230 AD ±16	7	120 km3 (29 cu mi) of tephra[41]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy	79 AD Oct 24 (?)	5?	2.8 to 3.8 km3 (0.7 to 0.9 cu mi) of tephra[2][42][43]	Pompeii eruption
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska	60 AD ±200	6	25 km3 (6.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ambrym, Vanuatu	50 AD ±100	6	60 to 80 km3 (14.4 to 19.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]

Before the Common Era (BC/BCE)

Name and area	Date	VEI	Products	Notes
Okmok, Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands	44 BC[44]	6	40 to 60 km3 (9.6 to 14.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Apoyeque, Nicaragua	50 BC ±100	6	18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	250 BC ±75	6	more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Meager massif, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Canada	400 BC ±50	5
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	550 BC ±200	5	1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines	1050 BC ±500	6	10 to 16 km3 (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka	1350 BC (?)	5	more than 1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephra	tephra layer IIAV3[2]
Pago, east of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera	1370 BC ±100	6	30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Taupō, New Zealand	1460 BC ±40	6	17 km3 (4.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka	1500 BC (?)	5	more than 3.6 km3 (0.86 cu mi) of tephra	tephra layer AV1[2]
Santorini (Thera), Greece, Youngest Caldera: Minoan eruption	1610 BC ±14 years	7	123 km3 (30 cu mi) of tephra[45]	Ended the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri and the Minoan age on Crete
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula	1645 BC ±10	6	more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]	Severe global cooling[46]
Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula	1750 BC (?)	6	more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA	1860 BC (?)	6	15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile	1890 BC (?)	6	more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Black Peak, Alaska Peninsula	1900 BC ±150	6	10 to 50 km3 (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea	2040 BC ± 100	6	more than 11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy	2420 BC ±40	5?	3.9 km3 (0.94 cu mi) of tephra	Avellino eruption[2][42][43][47]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka	3200 BC ±150	5	more than 1.1 km3 (0.26 cu mi) of tephra	tephra layer IAv20 AV3[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines	3550 BC (?)	6	10 to 16 km3 (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Talisay (Taal) caldera (size: 15 x 20 km), island of Luzon, Philippines	3580 BC ±200	7	150 km3 (36 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	3580 BC ±50	5	2.8 km3 (0.67 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pago, New Britain	4000 BC ± 200	6?	10 km3 (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua	4050 BC (?)	6	more than 13 km3 (3.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka	4340 BC ±75	5	more than 1.3 km3 (0.31 cu mi) of tephra	tephra layer IAv12 AV4[2]
Macauley Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	4360 BC ±200	6	100 km3 (24 cu mi)? of tephra[2][48]
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile	4750 BC (?)	6	18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula	5250 BC ±1000	6	10 to 50 km3 (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Kikai Caldera (size: 19 km), Ryukyu Islands, Japan: Akahoya eruption	5350 BC (?)	7	80 to 220 km3 (19.2 to 52.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mashu, Hokkaido, Japan	5550 BC ±100	6	19 km3 (4.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Tao-Rusyr Caldera, Kuril Islands	5550 BC ±75	6	30 to 36 cubic kilometers (7.2 to 8.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mayor Island / Tūhua, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	5060 BC ±200	5	1.6 km3 (0.38 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA	5677 BC ±150	7	150 km3 (36 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Khangar, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	5700 BC ± 16	6	14 to 16 km3 (3.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA	5900 BC ± 50	6	8 to 28 km3 (1.9 to 6.7 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka	5980 BC ±100	5	more than 8 to 10 km3 (1.9 to 2.4 cu mi) of tephra	tephra layer IAv1[2]
Menengai, East African Rift, Kenya	6050 BC (?)	6	70 km3 (17 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	6060 BC ±50	5	1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Sakurajima, island of Kyūshū, Japan: Aira Caldera	6200 BC ±1000	6	12 km3 (2.9 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Kurile Caldera (size: 8 x 14 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	6440 BC ± 25 years	7	140 to 170 km3 (33.6 to 40.8 cu mi) of tephra	Ilinsky eruption[2]
Karymsky, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	6600 BC (?)	6	50 to 350 km3 (12.0 to 84.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy	6940 BC ±100	5?	2.75 to 2.85 km3 (0.7 to 0.7 cu mi) of tephra	Mercato eruption[2][42][43]
Fisher Caldera, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands	7420 BC ±200	6	more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines	7460 BC ±150	6–7?[2]
Lvinaya Past, Kuril Islands	7480 BC ±50	6	7 to 8 km3 (1.7 to 1.9 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Rotomā Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	7560 BC ±18	5	more than 5.6 km3 (1.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupō Volcano, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	8130 BC ±200	5	4.7 km3 (1.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland	8230 BC ±50	6	more than 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ulleung, Korea	8750 BC (?)	6	more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	9450 BC (?)	5	1.7 km3 (0.41 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupō Volcano, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	9460 BC ±200	5	1.4 km3 (0.34 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	9650 BC (?)	5	1.6 km3 (0.38 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Nevado de Toluca, State of Mexico, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	10.5 ka	6	14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of tephra	Upper Toluca Pumice[2][49]
GISP2 ice core event[1]	11.258 ka

Pleistocene eruptions

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begin.^[50]

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Quaternary_volcanic_eruptions
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Name and area	Date	VEI	Products	Notes
GISP2 ice core event[1]	12.657 ka
Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany	12.900 ka	6	6 km3 (1.4 cu mi) of tephra.[51][52][53][54]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy	16 ka	5		Green Pumice[42][43]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy	18.3 ka	6		Basal Pumice[42][43]
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Cape Riva Caldera