Massage
NCCIH Manipulative and body-based methods Techniques Professionalized
This article is part of the branches of Complementary and alternative medicine series.

Massage is the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues.^[1] Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet or a device.^[2][3] The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain.^[4][5][6] In European countries, a person professionally trained to give massages is traditionally known as a masseur (male) or masseuse (female). In the United States, these individuals are often referred to as "massage therapists".^[7] In some provinces of Canada, they are called "registered massage therapists."^[8][9]

In professional settings, clients are treated while lying on a massage table, sitting in a massage chair, or lying on a mat on the floor.^[10] There are many different modalities in the massage industry, including (but not limited to): deep tissue, manual lymphatic drainage, medical, sports, structural integration, Swedish, Thai and trigger point.^[11]

Etymology

The word comes from the French massage 'friction of kneading',^[12] which, in turn, comes either from the Arabic word مَسَّ massa meaning 'to touch, feel',^[13] the Portuguese amassar 'knead', from the Latin massa meaning 'mass, dough',^[14] or the Greek verb μάσσω (massō) 'to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough'.^[15]

The ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis^[16][17] and the Latin was frictio.^[18][17]

History

Ancient times

Archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including China, India, Japan, Egypt, Rome, Greece, and Mesopotamia.

BC 2330: The Tomb of Akmanthor^[19] (also known as "The Tomb of the Physician") in Saqqara, Egypt, depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, possibly depicting a massage.^[20]

BC 2000: The word muššu'u ("massage") is written for the first time, and its use is described, in some Sumerian and Akkadian texts found at the beginning of the 21st century in ancient Mesopotamia.^[21]

BC 722–481: Huangdi Neijing is composed during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period. The Nei-jing is a compilation of medical knowledge known up to that date, and is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing. It specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. Also known as "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the text refers to previous medical knowledge from the time of the Yellow Emperor (approx 2700 BC), misleading some into believing the text itself was written during the time of the Yellow Emperor (which would predate written history).^{[22][23][24][25]}

BC 762: In the Iliad and the Odyssey, massage with oils and aromatic substances is mentioned as a means to relax the tired limbs of warriors and as a way to help the treatment of wounds.^[18]

BC 700: Bian Que, the earliest known Chinese physician, uses massage in medical practice.^[26]

BC 500: Jīvaka Komarabhācca was an Indian physician who according to the Pāli Buddhist Canon was Shakyamuni Buddha's physician. Jivaka is sometimes credited with founding and developing a style of massage that led to the type of massage practiced in current-day Thailand. Though this claim is disputed.

BC 493: A possible biblical reference documents daily "treatments" with oil of myrrh as a part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes (Esther, 2:12).^[27]

BC 460: Hippocrates wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing."^[28]

BC 300: Charaka Samhita, sometimes dated to 800 BCE, is one of the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurvedic medicine, including massage. Sanskrit records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before the beginning of recorded history.^[29]

AD 581: China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians.

Middle Ages

Many of Galen's manuscripts, for instance, were collected and translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the 9th century. Later in the 11th-century copies were translated into Latin and again in the 15th and 16th centuries, when they helped enlighten European scholars as to the achievements of the Ancient Greeks. This renewal of the Galenic tradition during the Renaissance played a very important part in the rise of modern science.^{[non sequitur]} Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Massage_therapy
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