Mongoose Temporal range: Early Miocene to present, 21.8–0 Ma
Top left: Meerkat Top right: Yellow mongoose Bottom left: Slender mongoose Bottom right: Indian gray mongoose
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Superfamily:	Herpestoidea
Family:	Herpestidae Bonaparte, 1845
Type genus
Herpestes Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, 1811
Genera[1]
List Atilax Bdeogale Cynictis Galerella Herpestes Ichneumia Paracynictis Rhynchogale Crossarchus Dologale Helogale Liberiictus Mungos Suricata
Synonyms[1]
List Rhinogalidae, Gray, 1869 Suricatinae, Thomas, 1882 Cynictidae, Cope, 1882 Suricatidae, Cope, 1882 Herpestoidei, Winge, 1895 Mongotidae, Pocock, 1920

A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family is currently split into two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa.^[2] The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main genetic lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago.^[3]

Etymology

The English word "mongoose" used to be spelled "mungoose" in the 18th and 19th centuries. The name is derived from names used in India for Herpestes species:^[4][5][6][7] muṅgūs or maṅgūs in classical Hindi;^[8] muṅgūs in Marathi;^[9] mungisa in Telugu;^[10] mungi, mungisi and munguli in Kannada.^[11]

The form of the English name (since 1698) was altered to its "-goose" ending by folk etymology.^[12] The plural form is "mongooses".^[13]

Characteristics

Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most are brindled or grizzly; a few have strongly marked coats which bear a striking resemblance to mustelids. Their nonretractile claws are used primarily for digging. Mongooses, much like goats, have narrow, ovular pupils. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status. The dental formula of mongooses is 3.1.3–4.1–23.1.3–4.1–2. They range from 24 to 58 cm (9.4 to 22.8 in) in head-to-body length, excluding the tail. In weight, they range from 320 g (11 oz) to 5 kg (11 lb).^[14]

Mongooses are one of at least four known mammalian taxa with mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom.^[15] Their modified receptors prevent the snake venom α-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected, uniquely, by glycosylation.^[16]

Taxonomy

Herpestina was a scientific name proposed by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1845 who considered the mongooses a subfamily of the Viverridae.^[17] In 1864, John Edward Gray classified the mongooses into three subfamilies: Galidiinae, Herpestinae and Mungotinae.^[18] This grouping was supported by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1919, who referred to the family as "Mungotidae".^[19]

Genetic research based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Galidiinae are more closely related to Madagascar carnivores, including the fossa and Malagasy civet.^[20][21] Galidiinae is presently considered a subfamily of Eupleridae.^[22]

Subfamily	Genus	Species	Image of type species
Herpestinae	Herpestes Illiger, 1811[23]	Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) (Linnaeus, 1758)[24] Common slender mongoose (H. sanguineus) Rüppell, 1835[25] Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulentus) (Wagner, 1839)[26] Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochraceus) Gray, 1848[27] Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) (Bocage, 1889)[28]
	Atilax Cuvier, 1826[29]	Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus) (Cuvier, 1829)[30]
	Cynictis Ogilby, 1833[31]	Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata) (Cuvier, 1829)[30]
	Urva Hodgson, 1836[32]	Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), 1818[33] Javan mongoose (U. javanica) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)[33] Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla) (Bennett), 1835[34] Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) (Hodgson, 1836)[32] Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Hodgson, 1836[32] Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) (Gray, 1837)[35] Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) (Gray, 1837)[35] Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) (Waterhouse, 1838)[36] Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) (Gray, 1846) [37]
	Ichneumia Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837[38]	White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda) (Cuvier, 1829)[30]
	Bdeogale Peters, 1850[39]	Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Peters, 1852[40] Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes) Pucheran, 1855[41] Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) (Thomas, 1894)[42] Sokoke dog mongoose (B. omnivora) Heller, 1914[43][44]
	Rhynchogale Thomas, 1894[45]	Meller's mongoose (R. melleri) Gray, 1865[18]
	Paracynictis Pocock, 1916	Selous's mongoose (P. selousi) (de Winton, 1896)
	Xenogale Allen, 1919[46]	Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso) (de Winton, 1901)[47]
Mungotinae	Mungos E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1795[48]	Banded mongoose (M. mungo) (Gmelin, 1788)[49] Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) (Ogilby, 1835)[50]
	Suricata Desmarest, 1804[51]	Meerkat (S. suricatta) (Schreber, 1776)[52]
	Crossarchus Cuvier, 1825	Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Cuvier, 1825 Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Thomas, 1910 Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus) Goldman, 1984
	Helogale Gray, 1861	Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula) Sundevall, 1847 Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Thomas, 1904
	Dologale Thomas, 1920	Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii) Pousargues, 1894[53]
	Liberiictis Hayman, 1958	Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni) Hayman, 1958

Phylogenetic relationships

Phylogenetic research of 18 mongoose species revealed that the solitary and social mongooses form different clades.^[54] The phylogenetic relationships of Herpestidae are shown in the following cladogram:^[55][3]