A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Mono | |
---|---|
Native to | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Region | Northwestern corner of Congo (DRC) |
Native speakers | (65,000 cited 1984 census)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mnh |
Glottolog | mono1270 |
ELP | Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
Mono is a language spoken by about 65,000 people[2] in the northwestern corner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the Banda languages, a subbranch of the Ubangian branch of the Niger–Congo languages. It has five dialects: Bili, Bubanda, Mpaka, Galaba, and Kaga.
Mono has 33 consonant phonemes, including three labial-velar stops (/k͡p/, /ɡ͡b/, and prenasalized /ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b/), an asymmetrical eight-vowel system, and a labiodental flap /ⱱ/ (allophonically a bilabial flap ) that contrasts with both /v/ and ?pojem=. It is a tonal language.
Phonology
Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Labial- Velar |
Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
Voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʃ ⟨tsh⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | k͡p ⟨kp⟩ | ʔ ⟨'⟩ |
Voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | dʒ ⟨dj⟩ | g ⟨g⟩ | ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩ | ||
Prenasalized | ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ | ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ | ⁿdʒ ⟨ndj⟩ | ᵑɡ ⟨ng⟩ | ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b ⟨ngb⟩ | ||
Implosive | ɓ ⟨'b⟩ | ɗ ⟨'d⟩ | |||||
Fricative | Voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
Voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʒ ⟨j⟩ | ||||
Trill/Tap | ⱱ ~ ⱱ̟ ⟨vw⟩ | r ⟨r⟩ | |||||
Approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ⟨i⟩ | ɨ ⟨ɨ⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ |
Close-mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ə ⟨œ⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ |
Open-mid | ɔ ⟨ɔ⟩ | ||
Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
High | Mid | Low | |
---|---|---|---|
IPA | ˥ ⟨á⟩ | ˧ ⟨ā⟩ | ˩ ⟨à⟩ |
Description | High Level | Mid Level | Low Level |
Transcription | á | a | à |
Example | áwá ⟨áwá⟩ | āwā ⟨awa⟩ | àwà ⟨àwà⟩ |
English Meaning | "diarrhea" | "road" | "fear" |
References
- ^ Mono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue report for Mono
- ^ Olson, Kenneth S. 2004
- Kamanda-Kola, Roger. 2003. Phonologie et morpho-syntaxe du mono: Langue oubanguienne du Congo R.D. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics 60). Munich: LINCOM EUROPA.
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Olson, Kenneth S. 2005. The phonology of Mono (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 140). Dallas: SIL & UTA.
- Olson, Kenneth S. & Brian E. Schrag. 2000. 'An overview of Mono phonology'. In H. Ekkehard Wolff & Orin Gensler (eds.), Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, 393–409. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
External links
- SIL article on new phonetic symbol for labiodental flap
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