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This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited as a city. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" as well as "continuous habitation" and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column.

Africa

Northern Africa and the Horn

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Girga (as Thinis)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 3273 BC	Settlement served as the capital of the first Pharaoh of Egypt, Narmer (c. 3273–2987 BC)[1]
Faiyum (as Shedet)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 2181 BC	Settlement established by the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC)[1]
Luxor (as Waset, better known by its Greek name Thebes)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 2150 BC	First established as capital of Upper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.
Aswan (as Swenett)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 650 BC	Gained prominence in the Late Period (664–332 BC).[2]
Benghazi (as Euesperides)	Cyrenaica	Libya	c. 525 BC	Founded in the 5th century BC, by the Greeks.[3]
Aksum	Kingdom of Axum	Ethiopia	c. 400 BC	Ancient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.[4]
Alexandria	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	332 BC	Founded by Alexander the Great on the town of Rhacotis, which dates back to the Old Kingdom[5][6]
Zeila (as Avalites)	Bilad al-Barbar	Somalia	c. 100 AD	Major trading city in the Horn of Africa.[7]

Sub-Saharan

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Gao	Gao Empire, Songhai Empire	Mali	c.600 AD	Gao-Saney called al-kawkaw, Gaw-Gaw[8] by ancient Arab chroniclers is the first site of Gao, founded in the 7th century, it was the capital of the Gao Empire of Za Dynasty.[9] A marble palace, stelae, houses and cemeteries dating from this period were discovered by archaeologists.[10][11][12] The current Gao built on a site near Gao-Saney was the capital of the largest contiguous land Empire of Songhai (1464-1591,[13] destroyed during the invasion of Songhai by the Saadians it is today the regional capital of the Gao regions in Mali. in Gao is the pyramidal Tomb of Askia where is buried the emperor Askia the Great of Songhai.[14]
Benin City	Kingdom of Benin	Nigeria	c. 1000 AD	City of Benin, the oldest city in Nigeria.
Agadez	Songhai Empire	Niger	11th century AD	Founded in the 11th century, Agadez was an important stop for caravans crossing the Saharan Desert for centuries. Agadez was captured by the Songhai empire in 1515, and controlled by Bornu in the 17th century.[15]
Kano	Kingdom of Kano	Nigeria	11th century AD	The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu at some point between 1095 and 1134, and was completed in the middle of the 14th century during the reign of Usman Zamnagawa.[16]
Timbuktu	Mali Empire, Songhai Empire	Mali	11th century AD	Settled by Tuareg traders as an outpost, its incorporation into the Mali Empire and Songhai, Mande, and Soninke settlement from the 13th century rapidly developed the town.[17]
M'banza-Kongo	Kongo Empire	Angola	c. 1390 AD	Capital of the Kongo Empire, already organized as a city before the arrival of the Portuguese.[18]
Cidade Velha (as Ribeira Grande)	Santiago Island	Cape Verde	1462 AD	The first European settlement in Sub Saharian Africa.[19]
Luanda (as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda)	Portuguese Empire	Angola	1576 AD	Founded by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda".[20]
Lagos	Kingdom of Benin	Nigeria	16th century AD	Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.[21]
Ouidah	Kingdom of Whydah	Benin	16th century AD	The primary port of the Kingdom of Whydah, originally called Glehue by the Fon inhabitants. The town was conquered by the Kingdom of Dahomey in the 18th century and eventually exported more than 1 million slaves.[22]
Antananarivo	Merina Kingdom	Madagascar	1610 AD[23] or 1625 AD[24]	Founded by the Merina King Andrianjaka, it is the oldest city in Madagascar.
Cape Town	Dutch East India Company	South Africa	1652 AD	Founded by Dutch settlers from Dutch East India Company and is the oldest city in South Africa.

Americas

North America

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Oldest_continuously_inhabited_places_in_the_world
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Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Cholula	Old Cholula	Mexico	c. 1000[25] – c. 500 BC[26][need quotation to verify]	Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. The city was the site of the Massacre of Cholula during the military campaign of Hernán Cortés.
Flores	Maya civilisation, then New Spain	Guatemala	900–600 BC[27]	Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.[28] Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.[29] Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.[30]
Izamal	Maya civilisation, then New Spain	Mexico	700–450 BC[31]	Also known as the Yellow City. Small city in the Mexican state of Yucatán, 72 kilometres east of state capital Mérida. Izamal is an important archaeological site of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Continuously occupied until the Spanish Conquest. The most important pre-Hispanic constructive activity occurred during the early and late classical periods. It was partially abandoned with the rise of a group that hailed from Chichen Itza, probably around the final classical period (800–1000 AD).
Monte Albán-Zaachila-Oaxaca City	Zapotec civilisation (Otomí people), Mixtec civilisation (Otomí people)	Mexico	c. 500 BC[32][better source needed][33][failed verification]	The valley of modern Oaxaca City, founded by the Spanish in 1532, has been continuously inhabited by the Oto-Manguean peoples of Mesoamerica since ancient times. The outskirts of Oaxaca City host the ruins of Monte Albán, once the capital of the Zapotecs for around 1000 years. Although Monte Albán proper was abandoned around 1000 AD, the city of Zaachila next to it rose in its place and was continuously inhabited until the arrival of Europeans.
Toluca-Calixtlahuaca	Otomí peoples	Mexico	c. 400 – c. 200 BC[34][35]	Toluca, in the State of Mexico, has been continuously inhabited at least since the 8th century BC.[36][dubious – discuss] The oldest sedentary remains (Calixtlahuaca) date from around the 600 BC to 400 BC.[citation needed]
Papantla / El Tajín	Totonac people	Mexico	c. 1st century AD[37][need quotation to verify]	The town of Papantla in the state of Veracruz was founded by the Totonac people around the 13th century AD.[38] The neighboring monumental city of El Tajín was settled around the 1st century AD[39][37] until it was destroyed around the same time Papantla was founded.[37][38]
Oraibi	Puebloan peoples	United States	c. 1100 AD[40]
Cuernavaca (Cuauhnahuac)-Teopanzolco	Nahuan peoples	Mexico	c. 1200 AD[41]	Founded by the Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico with the name Cuauhnahuac. The ruins of Teopanzolco, now in downtown Cuernavaca, are thought to be the downtown of Cuauhnahuac, which was sieged and occupied by the Spanish in 1521, who renamed it to Cuernavaca.
Tucson	Hohokam	United States	c. 1300 AD[42]	Hohokam village founded at the base of Sentinel Peak, later Tohono O'odam. Afterwards, became a Spanish presidio.[43]
Mexico City	Mexica culture (Nahuan peoples)	Mexico	1325 AD	Founded as twin cities Tenōchtitlān (1325) and Tlāltelōlco (1337) by the Mexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other pre-Columbian towns such as Azcapotzalco, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco and Coyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.
Santo Domingo	New Spain	Dominican Republic	1496 AD	Oldest European settlement in the New World.
San Juan	New Spain	Puerto Rico	1508 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited city in a U.S. territory.
Nombre de Dios, Colón	New Spain	Panama	1510 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in continental America.
Baracoa	New Spain	Cuba	1511 AD	Oldest European settlement in Cuba.
Havana	New Spain	Cuba	1519 AD	Oldest major city in Cuba, established 1515, granted city status in 1592 by Philip II of Spain as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies".
Veracruz	New Spain	Mexico	1519 AD[44]	The actual location of the settlement known as Veracruz changed multiple times. Originally established by Hernán Cortés in April 1519 – near where he made landfall[a] – as the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz,[b] it was moved within a month to Totonac Quiahuiztlan. This location lay further inland and required a long overland trek from the port at San Juan de Ulúa to unload cargo, due to which the settlement was again moved in 1525, this time to the present-day location of La Antigua. Veracruz remained there until 1599, when pressure from mercantile elites in Seville, Mexico City, and Puebla de los Ángeles to relocate the settlement closer to the port to speed and secure trade caused it to be refounded at its present location as Nuevo Veracruz.[44]
Panama City	Cueva Civilisation. After European colonisation: New Spain	Panama	1519 AD[45]	Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.
Taxco	New Spain	Mexico	1529 AD[46][better source needed]
Compostela	New Spain	Mexico	1530 AD[47][better source needed]
Querétaro	New Spain, Otomi people, Purépecha people	Mexico	1531 AD[48]
Puebla	New Spain	Mexico	1531 AD[49]
Tepic	New Spain	Mexico	1531 AD[50][better source needed]
Culiacán	New Spain	Mexico	1531 AD[51][better source needed]
Campeche	New Spain	Mexico	1540 AD[52]
Morelia	New Spain	Mexico	1541 AD[53]
Guadalajara	New Spain	Mexico	1542 AD[54][better source needed]
Mérida (previously known as T'ho by the Mayan)	Maya civilization, New Spain	Mexico	1542 AD (as the Spanish city)[55]
Zacatecas	New Spain	Mexico	1548 AD[56][better source needed]
Guanajuato	New Spain	Mexico	1548 AD[57][better source needed]
Acapulco	New Spain	Mexico	1550 AD[58]
Cartago	New Spain	Costa Rica	1563 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Costa Rica.
St. Augustine	New Spain	United States	1565 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states.
Port Royal-Annapolis Royal	New France	Canada	1605 AD[59]	Oldest continuously inhabited settlement incorporated as a Town in North America. Initial settlement was 1605, with confirmed continuous settlement since at least 1629.
Santa Fe	New Spain	United States	1607 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.
Quebec City	New France	Canada	1608 AD	Oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.
Hopewell	Virginia Company	United States	1613 AD	Founded as Bermuda City in 1613 and later known as City Point, Virginia, this location has undergone several name changes but has remained continuously inhabited.
Albany	New Netherlands	United States	1614 AD	Followed by Jersey City, New Jersey (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (as New Amsterdam) in 1624. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was a factorij or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" (bouwerij) until the 1630s. Settlements in New Netherlands sometimes moved around in the early years.)
Plymouth	Plymouth Colony	United States	1620 AD