Paris
Capital city, commune, and department
Eiffel Tower and the Seine from Tour Saint-Jacques Notre-Dame Sacré-Cœur Panthéon Arc de Triomphe Palais Garnier The Louvre
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Fluctuat nec mergitur "Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
Paris in France
Location of Paris
Paris Show map of France Paris Show map of Île-de-France (region)
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E / 48.85667°N 2.35222°E / 48.85667; 2.35222
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Paris
Arrondissement	None
Intercommunality	Métropole du Grand Paris
Subdivisions	20 arrondissements
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Anne Hidalgo[1] (PS)
Area 1	105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi)
• Urban  (2020)	2,853.5 km2 (1,101.7 sq mi)
• Metro  (2020)	18,940.7 km2 (7,313.0 sq mi)
Population  (2023)[2]	2,102,650
• Rank	9th in Europe 1st in France
• Density	20,000/km2 (52,000/sq mi)
• Urban  (2019[3])	10,858,852
• Urban density	3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)
• Metro  (Jan. 2017[4])	13,024,518
• Metro density	690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Parisian(s) (en) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.) (fr), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	75056 /75001-75020, 75116
Elevation	28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
Website	www.paris.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Paris^[a] is the capital and largest city of France. With an official estimated population of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023^[2] in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi),^[5] Paris is the fourth-largest city in the European Union and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022.^[6] Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as the City of Light.^[7]

The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants on 1 January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France.^[2] The Paris Region had a GDP of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion, PPP)^[8] in 2021, the highest in the European Union.^[9] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.^[10]

Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport (the third-busiest airport in Europe) and Orly Airport.^[11][12] Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily;^[13] it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.^[14] Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems^[15] and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice.^[16]

Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9 million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.^[17] The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991.^[18]

Paris is home to several United Nations organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924, and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, as well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris.

Etymology

The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Luteciam Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii'), and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265.^[19][20] During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia or Lutecia in Latin, and as Leukotekía in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').^[21][22][20]

The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period.^[23] The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron').^[23] Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the Welsh peryff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-.^[24] Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the Old Irish carr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā.^[20] In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology.

Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ^ⓘ). They are also pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ^ⓘ).^{[note 1][25]}

History

Origins

The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.^[26][27] One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre.^[28] The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.^[29]

The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank.^[30] The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.^[31]

By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French.^[32] Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.^[33]

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508.^[34] As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia.^[35] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.^[33]

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Paris,_France
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