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| Transport in Romania |
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Public roads in Romania are ranked according to importance and traffic as follows:
- motorways (autostradă – pl. autostrăzi) – colour: green; designation: A followed by one or two digits
- expressways (drum expres – pl. drumuri expres) – colour: red; designation: DEx followed by one or two digits and an optional letter
- national road (drum național – pl. drumuri naționale) – colour: red; designation: DN followed by one or two digits and an optional letter
- county road (drum județean – pl. drumuri județene) – colour: blue; designation: DJ followed by three digits and an optional letter; unique numbers per county
- local road (drum comunal – pl. drumuri comunale) – colour: yellow; designated DC followed by a number and an optional letter; unique numbers per county
Some of the national roads are part of the European route scheme. European routes passing through Romania: E58; E60; E70; E85; E79; E81; E68; E87 (Class A); E574; E576; E581; E583; E671; E771.
As of 31 December 2021, public roads totaled 86,199 km (53,562 mi): 17,530 km (20.3%) national roads, 35,096 km (40.7%) county roads and 33,573 km (39%) local roads.[1]
From the point of view of the type of cover, the structure of the public road network registers at the end of 2019 was: 38,166 km (44.2%) modernized roads (92.8% with asphalt pavements of heavy/medium type and 7.8% with concrete), 21,365 km (24.7%) with light asphalt road clothing, 17,831 km (20.6%) cobblestone roads and 9,021 km (10.5%) dirt roads.[2] Of all cobblestone and dirt roads 73% are local roads.[2]
Regarding the technical condition, 13,411 km (35.1%) of modernized roads and 9,217 km (43.1%) of roads with light road clothing have exceeded their "service life".[2]
Motorways
Development of the overall length (at the end of):
| Year | 1972 | 1987 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Length in km | 96 | 113 | 113* | 113* | 228 | 262 | 262* | 304 | 332 | 390 | 530 | 635 | 685 | 711 | 732 | 748 | 806 | 850 | 914 | 946 | 996 | 1033 |
Motorways are identified by A followed by a number. As of September 2023, Romania has 1008 km of motorway in use, with another 199 km under construction.[3] In recent years, a master plan for the national motorway network has been developed and many works have begun around the country,[4] which will result in significant changes by 2015,[5] and eventually by 2022.[6]
There are few tolls for using roads in Romania. There is one at the Giurgeni – Vadu Oii Bridge over the river Danube on highway DN2A at Vadu Oii and one at the Cernavodă Bridge, on the A2 motorway, a 17 km long section between Fetești and Cernavodă which consists of two road/railway bridges. Nevertheless, every owner of a car that uses a motorway (A) or a national road (DN) in Romania must purchase a vignette (rovinietă) from any of the main petrol stations or at any post office throughout the country.[7]
| Trunk Motorway | Route | Planned (km) / Built (km) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
 A 0
|
Beltway around Bucharest | 100 / 33 | South Ring Road Motorway (48 km) under construction as of 2020. Construction contracts for 5 of the 7 segments have been signed, with first openings due in 2023. |
 A 1
|
Bucharest – Pitești – Sibiu – Deva – Lugoj – Timișoara – Arad – Nădlac → Hungary | 580 / 461 | Bucharest – Pitești (110 km), Boița – Holdea (188 km), Margina – Nădlac (159 km) sections are operational. Between Boița–Nădlac, the tunnels from Holdea–Margina are under construction. The Boița–Sibiu section was opened at the end of 2022. |
 A 2
|
Bucharest – Fetești – Cernavodă – Constanța | 203 / 203 | Operational on the entire length; first fully completed Romanian motorway. |
 A 3
|
Bucharest – Ploiești – Brașov – Sighișoara – Târgu Mureș – Cluj-Napoca – Zalău – Oradea – Borș → Hungary | 596 / 203 | Bucharest – Ploiești (65.19 km), Râṣnov – Cristian (6.3 km), Târgu Mureș – Nădășelu (113.05 km), Nușfalău – Suplacu de Barcău (13.55 km) and Biharia – Borș (5.35 km) sectors are operational. Nădășelu – Mihăesti – Zimbor (30.06 km) and Zimbor – Poarta Sălajului (12.24 km) are under construction. The exits to DN73 at Cristian and DN15 at Târgu Mureș, while not part of A3, are built to expressway standards. |
 A 4
|
Ovidiu – Agigea | 60 / 22 | Constanța bypass complete as motorway and in use. The northern end is planned to be extended to Tulcea along the Dobrogea express road (DEx8). A southern extension bypassing Techirghol is under feasibility studies. |
 A 5
|
Bucharest – Giurgiu → Bulgaria | ~55 / 0 | Status unclear; "A5" originally used on Sibiu - Brașov (now part of the A13). |
 A 6
|
Junction with A1 at Balinț – Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Craiova – Alexandria – Bucharest | 260 / 11 | Operational between the junction with A1 and the Lugoj bypass.[8] Feasibility studies for Bucharest - Alexandria, Filiasi - Drobeta-Turnu Severin - Drobeta-Turnu Severin - Lugoj sections have been tendered. |
 A 7
|
Junction with A3 near Ploiești – Bacău – Suceava – Siret → Ukraine | 436 / 16 | Bacău bypass (16 km) is operational. First contracts signed in 2022, with the earliest opening likely in 2024. Contracts for all sections from Ploiești to Pașcani have been tendered or signed, with funding mandating to be fully complete by 2026. Pașcani–Suceava–Siret segment is in planning phases, with the last segment from Milișăuți (near Rădăuți) to Siret possibly being designated as expressway.[9] |
 A 8
|
Junction with A3 near Târgu Mureș – Sovata – Târgu Neamț – Junction with A7 – Pașcani – Iași – Ungheni → Moldova | 311 / 0 | East-West motorway between Transylvania and Moldavia initially estimated to be first open in 2009. Feasibility studies conducted in 2009–2011; Feasibility studies revision and update contracted in 2015. First contracts to be tendered in 2023, and first openings by 2026. Planned to be completed by 2030.[10] |
 A 9
|
Junction with A1 near Timișoara – Moravița → Serbia | 92 / 0 | Intended to connect Timișoara to Serbia's motorway network, with possible first tendered construction contracts in 2023. |
 A 10
|
Junction with A1 near Sebeș – Alba Iulia – junction with A3 near Turda | 70 / 70 | Operational on the entire length since 2021.[11] |
 A 11DEx11 |
Junction with A1 near Arad – Oradea – junction with A3 near Biharia | 118 / 3.5 | Only junction with A1 operational. The first expressway segment (Oradea bypass) likely to be opened in 2023. Additional tendering planned for 2023. The Oradea West bypass (18.96 km) is under construction, of which 16.035 km between Sântandrei - Biharia (A3) forms DEx11. |
 A 13
|
Junction with A1 near Sibiu – Făgăraș – Brașov – Sfântu Gheorghe – Onești – junction with A7 near Răcăciuni | 281 / 0 | Mentioned in the 2014 Masterplan;[12] intended as a link between southern Transylvania and Moldavia. First segments of the Sibiu-Brașov section were tendered in 2022; the other segments are in planning stages. |
 A 14DEx14 |
Junction with A7 near Botoșani – Suceava – Vatra Dornei – Bistrița – junction of A15 near Dej – Baia Mare – Satu Mare – Oar → Hungary | 436 / 9 | The Satu Mare bypass was opened to expressway standards in 2022, 8.672 km being part of DEx14. Feasibility studies being completed for Satu Mare–Oar section, with likely tendering in 2023. Feasibility studies for Suceava–Baia Mare–Satu Mare (390 km) are in early planning stages, likely to be mostly built as expressways. |
Expressways
Planned expressways according to CNADNR (Romanian National Company of Motorways and National Roads):[12][13]
| Expressway | Name | Route | Length (km) / in use (km) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEx1 | Bessarabia | Mărășești – Bârlad – Albița | 160 / 0 | Intended as a connection between Bucharest and Chișinău. Was a government priority around 2010, but was disfavored towards the A8 project, and unlikely to have built segments in the near future. |
| DEx4 | Someș | Petreștii de Jos – Cluj-Napoca – Gherla – Dej | 75 / 0 | First segment intended to be built is Petreștii de Jos - Tureni. |
| DEx6 | Danube | Junction with A4 near Brăila – Galați | 10.77 / 0 | Tendered in 2021; likely opening date in 2024. |
| DEx7 | Bukovina | Suceava - Siret | 55.7 / 0 | Undergoing feasibility studies. |
| DEx8 | Dobruja | Brăila - Tulcea - Constanța - Mangalia | 269.9 / 22.2 | Constanța bypass A4 (22.20 km) is operational. Brăila - Constanța (187.7 km) and Agigea - Vama Veche (60 km) sections are currently under design. |
| DEx11 | Crișana | Arad – Chișineu-Criș – Solonta – Oradea | 120.47 / 0 | Tendered in February 2024. |
 DEx12
|
Oltenia | Pitești – Slatina – Craiova | 121 / 71.6 | Initially intended to be constructed as a motorway. The first segment opened in 2022, with only Valea Mare–Spineni operational. All remaining segments are under construction. |
| DEx14 | Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | Satu Mare - Oar | 10.9 / 0 | Tendered in 2024. |
| DEx16 | Oradea Bypass | Oradea Ring Expressway - A3 | 12.9 / 12.9 | Length is 18.96 km, of which 12.9 km is express road and the rest a national road (DN1Y) with two lanes in each direction. Operational on the entire length since March 2024. |
| Muntenia | Buzău – Făurei – Brăila | 98 / 0 | The triangle with A7 is closed by the Milcovia expressway. Undergoing feasibility studies. | |
| Milcovia | Brăila – Slobozia Ciorăști (Focșani) | 79 / 0 | The triangle with A7 is closed by the Muntenia expressway. Undergoing feasibility studies. | |
| Vlad Țepeș | Găești – Târgoviște – Ploiești | 76 / 0 | The triangle with A7 is closed with the DX18, named Milcovia highway. Undergoing feasibility studies. | |
| Valahia | Bucharest Ring Road – Târgoviște | 62.21 / 0 | Undergoing feasibility studies. | |
| Bistrița | Berești-Bistrița (Bacău) – Piatra Neamț | 52 / 0 | Undergoing feasibility studies. | |
| Avram Iancu | Românași – Jibou | 20 / 0 | CNAIR approved the signing of the partnership agreement with the Sălaj County Council for the realization of the technical documentation. | |
| Jiu | Craiova – Filiași – Târgu Jiu | 58.597 / 0 | Undergoing feasibility studies. In March 2024 the government approved the technical-economic indicators for this expressway. | |
| Maramureș | Baia Mare – Satu Mare (bypass) | 55 / 0 | In the planning phase. | |
| Mihai Eminescu | Suceava – Botoșani | 26 / 0 | In the planning phase. |
European routes
Total length of European routes in Romania at the end of 2019 is 6,176 km (3837.5 mi).[2]
Class A
Map of European routes passing through Romania
E58 — (Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine) – Halmeu – Dej – Bistrița – Suceava – Botoșani – Târgu Frumos – Iași – Sculeni – (Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia)
E60 — (France, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary) – Borș – Oradea – Cluj-Napoca – Turda – Târgu Mureș – Brașov – Ploiești – Bucharest – Urziceni – Slobozia – Constanța – (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China)[14]
E68 — (Hungary) – Nădlac – Arad – Deva – Sebeș – Miercurea Sibiului – Sibiu – Brașov
E70 — (Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia) – Timișoara – Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Craiova – Alexandria – Bucharest – Giurgiu – (Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia)
E79 — (Hungary) – Borș – Oradea – Beiuș – Deva – Petroșani – Târgu Jiu – Filiași – Craiova – Calafat – (Bulgaria, Greece)
E81 — (Ukraine) – Halmeu – Livada – Satu Mare – Zalău – Cluj-Napoca – Turda – Sebeș – Miercurea Sibiului – Sibiu – Pitești – Bucharest – Constanța
E85 — (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) – Siret – Suceava – Roman – Bacău – Buzău – Urziceni – Bucharest – Giurgiu – (Bulgaria, Greece)
E87 — (Ukraine) – Galați – Brăila – Tulcea – Constanța – Vama Veche – (Bulgaria, Turkey)
Class B
E574 — Bacău – Onești – Târgu Secuiesc – Brașov – Pitești – Craiova
E576 — Cluj-Napoca – Dej
E577 — Slobozia – Brăila – Galați – (Republic of Moldova, Ukraine)
E578 — Sărățel – Reghin – Toplița – Gheorgheni – Miercurea Ciuc – Sfântu Gheorghe – Chichiș
E581 — Mărășești – Tecuci – Bârlad – Huși – Albița – (Republic of Moldova, Ukraine)
E583 — Săbăoani – Iași – Sculeni – (Republic of Moldova, Ukraine)
E584 — (Ukraine, Republica Moldova) – Galați – Slobozia
E671 — Timișoara – Arad – Oradea – Satu Mare – Livada
E673 — Lugoj – Deva
E675 — Constanța – Agigea – Negru Vodă – (Bulgaria)
E771 — Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Porțile de Fier – (Serbia)
National roads
Total length (including European routes and Highways) of National Roads in 2019 is 17,873 km (11105.77 mi),[2] an increase from 17,272 km (10,732 mi) in 2015.[15] The majority of National Roads (DN) are single carriageway, with only 12.5% being dual carriageway.[2] A major problem being that many National Roads (drumuri naționale) have no ring roads around cities and towns, disrupting the traffic flow (i.e. making traffic condition more difficult).
In 2019 16,088 km (9,996 mi) of National Roads are asphalt concrete roads of heavy/medium type, 880 km (546.8 mi) concrete roads and 720 km (447 mi) of light asphalt road "clothing".[2] 54.7% of heavy/medium roads and 79.4% of light asphalt roads have exceeded their "service life" and are in need of some form of repair or replacement.[2]
Seven one-digit national roads start off in Bucharest in a radial pattern.[3]
Trunk roads
| National Road | Route | Length (km) | European System |
|---|---|---|---|
 DN1
|
Bucharest – Ploiești – Brașov – Făgăraș – Sibiu – Alba Iulia – Turda – Cluj-Napoca – Oradea – Borș –> Hungary | 642 |  E60 (Bucharest – Brașov) E68 (Brașov – Veștem) E81 (Veștem – Cluj-Napoca) E60 (Cluj-Napoca – Borș)
|
 DN2
|
Bucharest – Urziceni – Buzău – Focșani – Bacău – Roman – Fălticeni – Suceava – Siret –> Ukraine | 446 |  E85(entire route) |
 DN3
|
Bucharest – Fundulea – Lehliu Gară – Călărași – Ostrov – Murfatlar – Constanța | 260 | |
 DN4
|
Bucharest – Popești-Leordeni – Budești – Oltenița | 72 | |
 DN5
|
Bucharest – Giurgiu –> Bulgaria | 67 |  E70 / E85(entire route) |
 DN6
|
Bucharest – Alexandria – Caracal – Craiova – Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Caransebeș – Lugoj – Timișoara – Sânnicolau Mare –> Hungary | 639 | E70 (Bucharest – Timișoara) |
 DN7
|
Bucharest – Găești – Pitești – Râmnicu Vâlcea – Sibiu – Deva – Arad –> Hungary | 525 | E81 (Pitești – Veștem) E68 (Veștem – Nădlac)
|
 DNCB
|
Bucharest ring road | 82 | E60 / E81
|
 DNCT
|
Timișoara ring road | 12 |
