A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Telugu | |
|---|---|
| తెలుగు | |
 The word "Telugu" in Telugu script | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈteluɡu] |
| Native to | India |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Telugu |
Native speakers | L1: 83 million (2011 census)[1][2] L2: 13 million (2011 census)[1] |
Early forms | Old Telugu
|
| Dialects |
|
| Signed Telugu | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |
|
Recognised minority language in | South Africa (protected language)[5] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | te |
| ISO 639-2 | tel |
| ISO 639-3 | tel – inclusive codeIndividual code: wbq – Waddar (Vadari) |
tel | |
| Glottolog | telu1262 Teluguoldt1249 Old Telugu |
| Linguasphere | 49-DBA-aa |
 Dark blue - Telugu is spoken by a majority. Light blue - Telugu is spoken by a significant minority. | |
| Person | Telugu |
|---|---|
| People | Teluguvāru |
| Language | Telugu, Teluṅgu, Tenuṅgu |
| Country | Telugu Nāḍu |
Telugu (/ˈtɛlʊɡuː/;[6] తెలుగు, Telugu pronunciation: [ˈt̪eluɡu]) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. Spoken by about 96 million people (2022),[7] Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India.[8] It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state, alongside Hindi and Bengali.[9] Telugu is one of the six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India. It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world.[10][11]
Telugu is also spoken in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and the union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Mauritius, UAE, Saudi Arabia and others.[12][13] Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.[14] It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province.[5][15]
According to Mikhail S. Andronov, Proto-Telugu split from the Proto South-Central-Dravidian language around 1000 BCE.[16][17] Earliest inscriptions with Telugu words date back to c. 400 BCE in Bhattiprolu of Andhra Pradesh.[18][19] Telugu words were also found in the inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka (257 BCE), Satavahanas, and Vishnukundinas.[20] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[21] Telugu was the court language of various dynasties of South India namely the Andhra Chola, Eastern Chalukyas, Eastern Gangas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Qutb Shahis, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks.[26] Telugu was used officially as a language of bureaucracy outside its homeland even by non-Telugu dynasties like the Thanjavur Marathas in Tamil Nadu.[27][23]
Telugu has an unbroken, prolific, and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[28][29] Pavuluri Mallana's Sāra Sangraha Ganitamu (c. 11th century) is the first scientific treatise on mathematics in any Dravidian language.[30][31] Avadhānaṃ, a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in-depth knowledge of literature and prosody, originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries.[32][33] Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu.[34]
In the precolonial era, Telugu became the language of high culture across South India.[39] Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era.[38] Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition.[42] Various non-Telugu people over the centuries have remarked on the natural musicality of Telugu speech, referring to it as a mellifluous and euphonious language.[41][43][44]
Etymology
Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo.[45] Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu.[46] Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[47] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit-speaking peoples). The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[48][49]
The popular belief holds that Telugu is derived from Trilinga of Trilinga Kshetras being the land bounded by the 3 Lingas which is Telugu homeland. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[50] However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali.[51][52][53][54] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar C. P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[55]
George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it.[56][57] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[58]
History
Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a proto-language. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE.[59][60] According to the Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, Proto-Telugu split from the Proto South-Central-Dravidian language around 1000 BCE.[16][60][17]
Comparative linguistics confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian-II (aka South-Central Dravidian) sub-group, which also includes non-literary languages like Gondi, Kuvi, Koya, Pengo, Konda and Manda.[61]
The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as:
Proto-Telugu (≤ 1000 BCE) > Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE - 200 BCE) > Old Telugu (200 BCE - 1000 CE) > Middle Telugu (1000 CE - 1600 CE) > Modern Telugu (1600 CE - Now)[62]
Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE - 200 BCE)
Pre-historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier.[63][64]
There are competing explanations for the original homeland of Pre-historic Telugu speakers, with some identifying it with the ancient Krishna Godavari Basin and others with the border region of Telugu States and Chhattisgarh.[citation needed]
Pre-historic Telugu, based on analysing its linguistic features can rightly be called as 'one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family'.[65][66]
One such feature is the presence of contrast in plural markers -ḷ and -nkkVḷ (as a combination of -nkk and -Vḷ) which was lost in the earliest versions of many other Dravidian languages.[67]
e.g.: pū-ḷ : flowers, ā-ḷ : 'cows' as being distinct from kolan-kuḷ : 'tanks', ī-gaḷ : 'houseflies' etc.
The nominative markers were -nḏu (masc.sg.p1), -aṁbu (inanimate.sg) which continued to attest in the early inscriptions.[68]
The reconstructed personal pronouns are: *ñān : 'I' (oblique : *ñā), *ñām (& ēm) : 'we'.[69]
The early language displays higher phonemic retention. Some of the characteristic phonemes include the Voiced retroflex approximant ('ḻ' or /ɻ/) and Voiced alveolar plosive ('ḏ' or /d/). The latter developed as Alveolar trill ('ṟ' or /r/) at different positions. Both the alveolars /d/ and /r/ are evidenced as being distinct phonemes through the early epigraphic traces.[70][71]
Tenses were of the form: "past vs non-past" and the gender being "masculine vs non-masculine".[72]
There were three demonstratives in use: ā: distant 'that', ī: proximate 'this', ū (Classical Telugu: ulla): intermediate 'yonder'. [73]
Non-palatalized initials are identified from the words like: kēsiri ('they did') as found in inscriptions till 8th century CE.[74]
Words were mostly vowel-ending while there were consonant-endings with sonorants like: -y, -r, -m, -n, -l, -ḷ, -ḻ, -w. Classical Telugu, however, has forms with an epenthetic -u which 'vowelises' the final and was widely distributed. In Modern Telugu, the epenthetic -u after sonorants is sometimes deleted when it precedes a consonant-initial, slightly resembling the original situation.
Archaic place name suffixes are also identified, some of them being -puḻōl, -ūr, -paḷḷiya, -pāḷiyam, -paṟṟu, -konḏa, -pūṇḍi, -paṭṭaṇa(ṁbu), pāḻu, paṟiti, pāka(m) etc.[70]
Apical displacement was under progress for a set of words.[75] The conjunctive marker -um possessed different structural applications.[76]
Earliest records
Prakrit Inscriptions with several Telugu roots or words dating back to between 400 BCE and 100 BCE have been discovered in Bhattiprolu in Bapatla district of Andhra Pradesh.[77][78] The English translation of an inscription reads, "gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".[78][79][80] The Bhattiprolu stone Buddhist casket in Old Telugu belongs to 3rd century BCE,[80]: 325 the Erragudi Asokan Rock Edict in Old Telugu belongs to 257 BCE.[81]
One of the first words in the Telugu language, "nāgabu", was found on a granite pillar in the Amaravati Stupa.[82] It is dated to 2nd century BCE and is probably, the name of a stonemason. Its structural and grammatical analysis played a key role in studying Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan.[82][83][84]
Several personal names and place names traceable to Telugu roots are found in various Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.[85]
The Ghantasala Brahmin inscription[86] and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni, Vijayapuri, Nagarjunakonda etc., belong to first century CE.[87][88] Further, Tummalagudem inscription of Vishnukundinas belongs to 5th century CE.[89][87] Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions have been attested from 2nd century CE onwards.[90][91]
A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynasty, Vishnukundina dynasty, and Andhra Ikshvakus.[87] The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu,[20][92] and Tamil languages.[93]
According to Telugu lore, its grammar has a prehistoric past. The Sage Kanva was said to be the language's first grammarian. A. Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva's grammar. He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva, and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost.[94]
Post-Ikshvaku period
The period from 4th century CE to 1022 CE corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history, after the Andhra Ikshvaku period. The first 'long inscription' that is entirely in Telugu is dated to 575 CE in erstwhile Kadapa district and is attributed to the Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya.[90][95][96]
On top of one of the rock-cut caves around the Keesaragutta temple, 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Hyderabad, an early Telugu label inscription reading 'tolacuwānḍru' (తొలచువాండ్రు) meaning rock carvers, or quarrymen, can be noticed.[97][98] On the basis of paleography, the inscription is dated to Vishnukundina period of c.400 CE.[99][100] It is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region.[100]
Cave inscriptions of Mahendra Pallava in Telugu were attested as belonging to the late 6th century in Tamil Nadu, which mention the words, aṁkkapāsunṟu, aṁkkapāsumbu etc. The nominative markers in these words played a key role in the study of the Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan.[101]
From the 6th century complete Telugu inscriptions begin to appear in the neighbouring districts of Kadapa, Prakasam and in the Palnadu region.[102]: 10 Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.[103][104] The Madras Museum plates of Balliya-Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language.[105]
Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 CE).[106] During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.[citation needed]
Middle Ages
The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of the Telugu from Telugu-Kannada alphabet took place.[107] Tikkana wrote his works in this script.[citation needed]
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age.[106]
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence
A distinct dialect developed in present-day Hyderabad region, due to Persian/Arabic influence: the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the kaifiyats.[106]
In the princely Hyderabad State, the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao (the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State), Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and others.[108]
Colonial period
The 15th-century Venetian explorer Niccolò de' Conti, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire, found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in Italian, and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East";[109] a saying that has been widely repeated.[110]
In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the English language was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Gurajada Apparao, Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.[106]
Since the 1930s, what was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.[111]
Post-independence period
Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India.[112] The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[113][114] It also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry. It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi.[115] It is one of the six classical languages of India.[116][117]
Telugu Language Day is celebrated every year on 29 August, the birthday of Telugu poet Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy.[118][119] The fourth World Telugu Conference was organised in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012. Issues related to Telugu language policy were deliberated at length.[120][121] The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US. Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati, as of the 2010 census.[122][123]
In the Indian subcontinent, a command over Telugu language, alongside Sanskrit, Tamil, Meitei, Oriya, Persian, or Arabic, is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly Indian Classical Dances) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts.[124]
Geographic distribution
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