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The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation took place in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. On 22–23 February, Russian President Vladimir Putin convened an all-night meeting with security services chiefs to discuss pullout of deposed President, Viktor Yanukovych, and at the end of that meeting Putin remarked that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia.".[1] Russia sent in soldiers on February 27, 2014. Crimea held a referendum. According to official Russian and Crimean sources 95% voted to reunite with Russia. The legitimacy of the referendum has been questioned by the international community on both legal and procedural grounds.
February 2014
February 19
Members of the Sevastopol City Council petitioned to President Viktor Yanukovych to take stringent measures and bring leaders of the opposition to justice.[2] "Leaders of opposition should be held criminally liable for inciting armed confrontation," – stated the declaration.[2] In Simferopol, activists of "Stop Maidan" were commemorating Crimean law enforcement agents who perished in conflict in Kyiv.[2] In Yalta, over 50 activists attended an anti-government protest and demonstrated support for Euromaidan.[2]
February 20
Speaker of the Supreme Council of Crimea, Vladimir Konstantinov announced that he does not exclude possibility of secession of Crimea from Ukraine if the situation in the country worsens.[3] The head of Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Refat Chubarov criticized the announcement and said that Konstantinov who was in Moscow at the time, openly invited Russian security forces to intervene in Crimean internal politics.[4]
The Russian military operation against Ukraine started on this date, according to the inscription on the Medal "For the Return of Crimea", awarded by the Russian Ministry of Defence.[5][6] A Ukrainian law signed September 2015 designated this as the "date of the start of the temporary occupation".[7]
February 23
In Simferopol, a pro-Euromaidan rally was held in support of the new Ukrainian authorities.[8] The protesters also demanded the resignation of the Crimean parliament and waved Ukrainian, Tatar, and European Union flags.[9] The Prime Minister of Crimea Anatolii Mohyliov declared that the region would carry out all laws passed by the Ukrainian parliament.[10]
Meanwhile in Sevastopol, tens of thousands protested against the new authorities and voted to establish a parallel administration and civil self-defense squads.[11][12] Some were created on 22 February in Simferopol, where about 5,000 people joined such squads. Protesters waved Russian flags and chanted "Putin is our president" and claimed they would refuse to pay further taxes to the state.[13][14] Russian military convoys were also alleged to be seen in the area.[14] In Kerch, pro-Russian protesters attempted to remove the Ukrainian flag from atop city hall and replace it with the flag of Russia. Over 200 attended waving flags of Russia, orange-and-black St. George and the Russian Unity party. Mayor Oleh Osadchy attempted to disperse the crowd and police eventually arrived to keep the protesters at bay. Osadchy said: "This is the territory of Ukraine, Crimea. Here's a flag of Crimea" but was accused of treason and a fight ensued over the flagpole.[15]
February 24
More protesters rallied outside the Sevastopol administration offices.[16] Pro-Russian demonstrators accompanied by neo-Cossacks[17] demanded the selection of a Russian citizen as mayor (which was refused by the city council) and planted Russian flags at city hall; they also handed out leaflets calling for volunteers to a militia and warning that the "Blue-Brown Europlague is knocking."[citation needed]
On 24 February, a pro-Russian rally in Sevastopol chose Aleksei Chalyi, a Russian citizen, as mayor.[18] This was controversial because Sevastopol has no mayor[nb 1] as the Chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration (Governor of Sevastopol) who is appointed by the President of Ukraine by statute fulfils this role.[21] A thousand protesters present chanted "a Russian mayor for a Russian city."[22] Crowds gathered again outside Sevastopol's city hall again as rumours spread that security forces could arrest Aleksei Chalyi, but police chief Alexander Goncharov said that his officers would refuse to carry out "criminal orders" issued by the central government. Viktor Neganov, a Sevastopol-based adviser to the interior minister, condemned the events in the city as a coup. "Chalyi represents the interests of the Kremlin which likely gave its tacit approval." The Chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration, appointed by the President of Ukraine, Vladimir Yatsuba, was booed and whistled on February 23, when he told a pro-Russian rally that Crimea was a part of Ukraine. He resigned the next day.[23]
February 25
Several hundred pro-Russian protesters blocked the Crimean parliament and demanded a referendum on Crimea's independence.[24] The rally was organized by the Crimean Front.[25] Another large property of former president Yanukovych was discovered close to Sevastopol four times the size of that in the capital Kyiv.[26] The Night Wolves were holding the administrative buildings of city of Simferopol and Kerch.[27]
Also Russian armored personnel carriers were deployed to protect "Russian Interests" in the city of Sevastopol. The APCs with Russian marines were in Nakhimov Square and the courtyard of the Moscow House.[28]
February 26
On February 26, thousands of protesters clashed in Simferopol.[citation needed] Near the Supreme Council of Crimea building between 4,000 and 5,000 Crimean Tatars and supporters of the Euromaidan-Crimea movement faced 600–700 supporters of pro-Russian organisations and the Russian Unity Party.[29] Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Volodymyr Konstantinov said that the Crimean parliament will not discuss the issue of separation from Ukraine and that earlier reports that parliament would discuss the motion were provocations.[30] During the clashes, one man died of a heart attack and a woman died from being trampled.[31] Crimean Tatars created self-defense groups and called on activists to unite with Russian, Ukrainian and people of other nationalities to avoid provocations and to protect churches, mosques, synagogues and other important sites.[32] By nightfall, the Crimean Tatars had left,[33] while the pro-Russian rally had grown to 5,000 as protesters arrived from Sevastopol later in the day.[34] The new Ukrainian establishment's acting Interior Minister Arsen Avakov tasked Crimean law enforcement agencies not to provoke conflicts and to do whatever necessary to prevent clashes with pro-Russian forces and added that "I think, that way – through a dialogue – we shall achieve much more than with standoffs "[35] The new head of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) Valentyn Nalyvaichenko requested United Nations round-the-clock monitoring of the security situation on the peninsula.[36]
Also on February 26, media claimed that Russian troops or (as they themselves claimed) local volunteers took control of the main route of access to Sevastopol.[37] A military checkpoint, with military vehicles under a Russian flag, was set up on the main highway between the city and Simferopol.[37] CNN described them as a "pro-Russian militia checkpoint".[38]
February 27
On February 27, at 4:20 local time, sixty pro-Russian gunmen seized Crimea's parliament building and Council of Ministers building. They were said to be professionals and heavily armed.[39] Thirty broke into the building initially, with a bus carrying another thirty and additional weapons arriving later.[40] The gunmen were unmarked but raised Russian flags.[41]
While the gunmen occupied Crimea's parliament building, the parliament held an emergency session.[42][43] It voted to terminate the Crimean government, and replace Prime Minister Anatolii Mohyliov with Sergey Aksyonov.[44] Aksyonov belonged to the Russian Unity party, which received 4% of the vote in the last election.[43] It also voted to hold a referendum on greater autonomy on 25 May. The gunmen had cut all of the building's communications and took MPs' phones as they entered.[42][43] No independent journalists were allowed inside the building while the votes were taking place.[43] Some MPs claimed they were being threatened and that votes were cast for them and other MPs, even though they were not in the chamber.[43]
Interfax-Ukraine reported "it is impossible to find out whether all the 64 members of the 100-member legislature who were registered as present at when the two decisions were voted on or whether someone else used the plastic voting cards of some of them" because due to the armed occupation of parliament it was unclear how many MPs were present.[45] The head of parliament's information and analysis department, Olha Sulnikova, had phoned from inside the parliamentary building to journalists and had told them 61 of the registered 64 deputies had voted for the referendum resolution and 55 for the resolution to dismiss the government.[45] They also installed a new Prime Minister. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Crimea is appointed by the Supreme Council of Crimea in consultation with the President of Ukraine.[46][47]
The chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea, Volodymyr Konstantinov, as well as de facto prime minister Aksyonov, refused to recognize the dismissal of Viktor Yanukovych from presidential office, and view him as legitimate.[48][49] Aksyonov added "we will follow his directions".[50]
The new Prime Minister of Ukraine, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, warned "We must immediately declare that anyone who is on the streets with guns – these people are prosecuted by law".[51]
On the morning of February 27, Berkut units from Crimea and other regions of Ukraine (dissolved by the decree of 25 February) seized checkpoints on the Isthmus of Perekop and Chonhar peninsula.[52][53][54] According to MP Hennadiy Moskal, former Chief of Crimean police, they had armoured personnel carriers, grenade launchers, assault rifles, machine guns and other weapons.[52] Since then they control all traffic by land between Crimea and continental Ukraine.[52]
On February 27, 2014 the Ukrainian organization Right Sector officially announced that it does not intend to participate in any conflict on the territory of Crimea.[55]
February 28
In the early hours of February 28, a group of 50–119[56] armed men in military uniform without signs of identification (designated later as "Green men") seized control over Simferopol International Airport and local TV tower.[57][58] Airport authorities later denied that it had been "captured" and said that it was still operating normally despite the continuing armed presence. [59] Later in the day, Sevastopol International Airport was occupied in a similar manner as Simferopol's airport.[60] According to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, soldiers without identification are Russian Black Sea Fleet troops.[56] Later some television channels reported that airports are guarded by Russian forces.[61] It was then claimed that militants in Simferopol airport are soldiers of the Russian MI whose plane was noticed at the Hvardiyske Airport at Hvardiiske near Simferopol.[62]
According to the official website of the Night Wolves bikers club, at the time they were guarding the state administration in Sevastopol.[63] They were still blocking the roads.[64]
On February 28, 2014, a missile boat of the Russian Federation blocked the Balaklava Harbor, where ships of the Ukrainian Sea Guard were stationed.[65] Eight Russian military helicopters were moved to Sevastopol from Anapa.[66] On 28 February 2014, Yuriy A. Sergeyev told UN Security Council that the helicopters were not transportation crafts, but rather an assault Mi-24.[67] Serhiy Kunitsyn informed journalists that Crimea is to be visited by the Russian delegation of Vladimir Zhirinovsky and Konstantin Zatulin.[68]
Serhiy Kunitsyn informed journalists that 13 Russian planes IL-76 with Russian Airborne Troops landed in the Hvardiyske military airport (Hvardiiske).[69] Kunitsyn stated that each plane may hold about 150 people.[69]
The Ukrainian parliamentarian, Petro Poroshenko, who arrived in Simferopol, was attacked by an angry mob, but managed to get away unharmed.[70] Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Volodymyr Konstantinov was booed by a gathered crowd of protesters who were yelling "Crimea – Russia".[71]
On February 28, The Ministry of Defense of Ukraine acknowledged the threat of possible takeovers of military units in Crimea during the night on Saturday by radical forces.[72] On February 28, facing possible Russian intervention, U.S. President Barack Obama stated that any military action would "Come at a cost," following his denunciation of Russian aggression in the region. On February 28 the leaders of Ukraine received a message from Russia. According to the notification to defense minister Ihor Tenyukh Ukraine must give the Crimea peninsula to Russia without any military defense or Russia will occupy the whole country.[73] Ousted President Yanukovych insisted that military action was "unacceptable" and that he would not request Russian military intervention at a press conference.[74] According to Yanukovych Crimea must remain part of Ukraine.[75]
March 2014
March 1
On March 1, 2014 the de facto Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov appealed directly to Russian President Vladimir Putin in a signed statement calling for Russia to "provide assistance in ensuring peace and tranquility on the territory" of Crimea.[76] Meanwhile, Aksyonov took control of "security on a temporary basis", he said. All commanders are to obey his orders or "resign".[76] Akysonov also announced that the date of the self-sovereignty referendum was moved up to 30 March.[76]
Protests against the new authorities in Kyiv and in support of Russians in Crimea occurred throughout Eastern and Southern Ukraine on March 1.[77]
On March 1, the interim president of Ukraine, Turchynov, signed a decree declaring the appointment of Sergei Aksyonov as the head of the government of Crimea to be unconstitutional.[78]
Russian President Vladimir Putin formally asked the Federation Council for permission to "use the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine until the normalization of the socio-political situation in that country."[citation needed] Hours later, the Federation Council voted unanimously to grant permission.[79][80]
The Consulate of the Russian Federation in Simferopol started to issue Russian passports to residents of Ukraine.[81] Members of the former Ukrainian riot police, Berkut, were among the first in Crimea to be granted Russian citizenship.[81]
The Ukrainian Navy was forced to leave its base in Sevastopol,[82][83] as was the Ukrainian Sea Guard.[82][83] Some journalists later claimed that this was disinformation posted by RIA News.[82]
Beginning March 1, Ukrainian journalists were prohibited from entering the Crimean region,[84] reportedly on the orders of members of the Supreme Council.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Ukrainian media reported that decisions to replace the government and hold a referendum in Crimea were falsified.[85][86][87]
According to Damon Wilson, vice president of the Atlantic Council, the United States Congress was "considering authorizing defense arms package to Ukraine".[88][89]
March 2
On March 2, 2014 a Ukrainian marine infantry detachment stationed around Feodosiya was surrounded by armed men demanding surrender by 9:00AM EET. In Sudak, radar station personnel were forced to give up their arms.[90] The Ukrainian Navy building in Sevastopol was under siege and land-based assault by the Russian Army according to Ukrainska Pravda.[91]
On March 2, acting President Olexander Turchynov ordered all Ukrainian military reservists to be called up.[92]
At a Ukrainian military base near the village of Perevalne, there is an ongoing standoff between a handful of Ukrainian marines loyal to Kyiv and the surrounding Russian/Crimean forces.[93][94]
The newly appointed chief of the Ukrainian Navy, Denis Berezovsky, in televised statement announced that he refuses to follow orders from the self-declared government in Kyiv and declared loyalty to Crimean authorities and people.[95] He was replaced by Serhiy Hayduk.
The same day in Sevastopol, the crew of the command ship Slavutych thwarted an attempt to hijack the vessel by a boat manned by unidentified armed personnel.[96]
The government of Crimea announced the formation of its own Defence Ministry.[97]
Ukrainian oligarchs, including Igor Kolomoisky and Serhiy Taruta (partner of Rinat Akhmetov), throw weight behind revolutionary government in Kyiv; get appointments as governors of eastern provinces.[98]
The head of the Security Service of Crimea Petyor Zima, Chief of Department of Internal Affairs in the Crimea Sergey Abisov, the head of Service for Emergency Situations Sergei Shakhov and acting Chief of the Border Guards of Crimea Victor Melnichenko each took an oath of allegiance to the people of the so-called "Putin-backed" Crimea. The ceremony took place in the Council of Ministers chamber in the presence of regional government officials, mayors of different cities and regions.[citation needed]
March 3
According to Interfax news agency quoted a source in the Ukrainian Defence Ministry, Ukrainian troops stationed in Crimea were urged to surrender by March 3 at 5 a.m. (0300 GMT) or face an armed confrontation via an ultimatum issued by Alexander Vitko, the commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. The ministry did not immediately confirm the report and there was no immediate comment by the Black Sea Fleet.[99] This ultimatum was denied by Russian officials.[100]
On the same day, Russian soldiers seized a Kerch Strait ferry terminal in the city of Kerch, the easternmost point of Crimea.[101]
Crimea's State Television and Radio Transmitting Center forced the independent broadcaster Chernomorskaya Teleradiokompaniya (Black Sea TV) off the air. Chernomorskaya Teleradiokompaniya, which has covered the political tension in the region, was one of two local broadcasters available to Crimean residents.[102]
March 4
On March 4, Putin ended the military exercises and pulled troops back from Ukrainian borders.[103] Putin stated in a press conference that the soldiers occupying military bases were not Russian soldiers, but local forces of self-defence. He said that there was no need to send forces into Ukraine at the time being, but that Russia reserved the right to use "all means" as a last resort to threats of anarchy.[104]
There was a confrontation at the Belbek Airbase (at the Belbek Airport) between the guarding Russian/Crimean forces—and unarmed Ukrainian soldiers who had surrendered the base the previous day.[105]—lasting some hours.[106] Around 200 unarmed Ukrainian soldiers of the 240th Tactical Air Brigade[106] marched towards the base, demanding their jobs back, when the pro-Russian forces fired warning shots in the air.[105] After hours of negotiations, the pro-Russian forces agreed to allow joint patrols of the base—with the Ukrainians remaining unarmed,[105] followed by the Ukrainian detachment marching away.[106]
March 5
On March 5, the Crimean government (ARC) announced that "more than 700 soldiers and officers" from the 50th, 55th and 147th antiaircraft missile regiments, stationed in Yalta, Feodosia and Fiolente respectively, defected to the ARC side by "declaring their readiness to defend the population of Crimea".[citation needed] This is in addition to the 204th Fighter Unit of the Ukrainian Air Force, which defected on March 3.[citation needed] Altogether, as of March 5, the Crimeans claim to have 6000 defectors from the Ukrainian Armed Forces on their side.[citation needed]
Thirty-five Russian soldiers were said to have attacked the border checkpoint in Kerch and threatening an armed assault on Ukrainian service personnel.[107] The same day, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine informed that unknown persons took hostage Ukrainian Colonel General Mykhailo Koval.[108] One witness claims that he was taken by Russian bikers who attacked the personal car of Koval in Yalta.[108] The Ukrainian soldiers detained one of the "Green Men" Aleksei Sergeievich Medvedev from Yoshkar Ola according to his military ticket (military identification document).[109]
Unknown gunmen took hostage the UN special envoy to Ukraine Robert Serry in Simferopol.[110][111][112][113] U.N. Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson said Robert Serry had been threatened but had not been kidnapped.[114][115] Serry is expected to continue his work in Kyiv due to situation in Crimea.[116]
The Shevchenko district court of Kyiv, meanwhile, ruled on the detention of the self-proclaimed leaders Sergei Aksyonov and Volodymyr Konstantinov.[117] The Security Service of Ukraine was charged to bring them to court.[117] The General Prosecutor of Ukraine opened criminal proceedings against the commander of Black Sea Fleet Aleksandr Vitko on the facts of incitement to treason and sabotage organization.[118]
Three deputies of the Batkivshchyna party submitted a bill in the Verkhovna Rada on March 5 that would abolish the country's official neutrality, and make "Euro-Atlantic integration and NATO membership" a foreign policy priority for Ukraine.[119]
On March 5, a wiretapped telephone conversation was leaked on YouTube of Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and European Union foreign affairs chief Catherine Ashton discussing the issue of sniper-rifle fire during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.[120] Speaking about a doctor named Olga who was on the scene, Paet told Ashton, "The same Olga told that, well, all the evidence shows that people who were killed by snipers from both sides among policemen and then people from the street . So that there is now stronger and stronger understanding that behind the snipers it was not Yanukovich, but it was somebody from the new coalition."[120] The Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs later issued a statement confirming the tape's authenticity, but denied that "the new coalition" refers to the protesters who later overthrew Yanukovich and installed a new government in Kyiv.[120] Olga Bogomolets, the doctor who allegedly told Paet about the snipers, denied claiming that protesters and Berkut troops came under fire from one single source and stated that she only saw the protesters' wounds, and that the government assured her that an investigation would be opened.[121]
March 6
The Supreme Council of Crimea voted on 6 March to formally re-accede as part of the Russian Federation after 60 years of being part of the Ukrainian state.[122] The Supreme Council's decision will be put to the Crimean people via referendum if the request is granted by Russia. The previously announced referendum scheduled for 30 March, will be moved up to 16 March 2014, and its question will be altered to reflect the Supreme Council's 6 March vote of accepting full accession.[122] The Ukrainian government immediately condemned the measure and argued that any unilateral referendum initiated by the current Crimean authorities would be unconstitutional.[122] They were joined in their condemnation of the referendum by the United States and European Union.[122] Refat Chubarov, leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, announced that his organization will not take part in the referendum, and that they deem it illegitimate.[123] According to Council member Pilunsky the decision was taken without meeting the quorum.[124]
Armed men seized the Simferopol Radio and Television Transmitting Station, and discontinued the broadcast of Kyiv-based Channel 5 and 1+1 television channels, replacing their frequencies with the Moscow-based Rossiya 24 news channel.[125][126]
On March 6 Russian sailors scuttled the decommissioned cruiser Ochakov at the entrance to Donuzlav Bay in western Crimea as a blockship, in an attempt to prevent Ukrainian navy ships from gaining access to the Black Sea.[127]
Crimean Tatars report that their homes are marked with X by unidentified gangs.[128]
A mission of observers from the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe has been stopped from entering Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula by unidentified men in military fatigues for the third time.[129]
March 7
According to the Ukrainian State Border Guard Service Russia raised the number of their soldiers in Crimea to 30,000.[130]
Two journalists were beaten while taking photos outside the missile defence base A2355 outside the Crimean city of Sevastopol.[131] A Bulgarian media team of two were beaten in Simferopol.[132] Armed men confiscated the equipment of the Associated Press team in Simferopol.[133]
Another blockship, the former Black Sea Fleet rescue/diving support vessel BM-416 (VM-416) was scuttled near the Ochakov.[134]
PACE's Standing Committee expressed its full support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Ukraine.[135]
Ukraine decided not to boycott the Paralympic games as long as Russia did not start a war. During the opening only Ukrainian athlete Mykailo Tkachenko of 31 Ukrainian Paralympians attended the ceremony parade in protest at Russia's incursion into Crimea.[136]
March 8
The Russian military entered the territory of Chonhar village in Henichesk Raion of Kherson Oblast and blocked the second entrance to Crimea.[137]
The Border Guard Service Department Sholkino was taken over by Russian forces. The personnel and their families had to leave the post and the apartments.[138]
A border guard plane flying over Crimea was attacked with firearms.[139]
March 9
At Massandra a mobile, rapid reaction border guard post has been unblocked after several days of occupation.[140] Head of Euromaidan — Krym Andriy Shchekun has been kidnapped in Simferopol.[141]
More than 200 scholars of Ukrainian and Russian affairs have undersigned an appeal for a peaceful, sustainable, and fair resolution to the current conflict.[142]
March 10
Two Ukrainian journalists (Olena Maksymenko and Oles Kromplyas) disappeared and are feared kidnapped at the border to Crimea.[143]
Several hundred residents of Crimea, mainly Crimean Tatars, have left Crimea for security reasons according to the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.[144][145]
Russian forces have seized the main military hospital in Simferopol.[146]
Prominent Russian dissident Mikhail Khodorkovsky said that Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broader autonomy.[147]
Posters and leaflets campaigning for the referendum do not show who is behind.[148][149][150]
March 11edit
A joint resolution is adopted by the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council where they express their intention to self-declare themselves independent in the event of a Yes vote in a referendum to join the region to Russia, that was to be held on March 16.[citation needed]
The Crimean Government made clear that they did not officially invite the OSCE to observe the referendum.[151] The OSCE chair, Switzerland's Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter, declared the referendum as illegal and because of that the OSCE will not send observers.[152]
Unidentified forces started controlling passport and luggages of domestic travellers at the Simferopol railway station.[153]
Russian forces took over the control tower at Simferopol International Airport and closed Crimean airspace until the end of week. Ukraine International Airlines flight PS 65 had to return to Kyiv shortly before landing.[154][155]
Party of Regions MP Yuriy Miroshnychenko urged the Crimean government to stop the referendum.[156] Another Party of Regions MP, Hanna Herman, commented the same day about Yanukovych's press conference, "He needs to ... prevent the illegal referendum".[157]
On the same day, US National Security Advisor Susan Rice emphasized LGBT rights as part of the US government's "bedrock commitment to advancing human rights and human dignity" before a gathering of top US diplomats at the State Department. Rice's speech omitted any reference to Crimea and mentioned Russia only once in passing. Ukraine was mentioned twice.[158] This overemphasis on LGBT rights, just five days before the Crimean referendum, was subsequently panned as a possible reason why the US responded ineptly to Crimea's annexation.[159]
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